农雪艳 朱锦渊 刘玥 邵紫贤 周海媚

[摘要]目的了解佛山市順德区2016—2020年3～6岁儿童常见病动态变化情况，根据各疾病患病水平提供相应的预防措施从而促进儿童良好的生长发育。方法收集2016—2020年佛山市顺德区24所幼儿园体格检查资料，纵向分析不同年份体重低下、生长迟缓、消瘦、肥胖、轻度贫血、中重度贫血、视力不良及龋齿检出率的动态变化情况并以2016年为基期水平，分析各疾病不同年份增长幅度。结果体重低下、生长迟缓、肥胖、轻度贫血、视力不良检出率随年份的增长总体均呈上升趋势，趋势性检验差异均有统计学意义（ P <0.05）。龋齿检出率随年份增长呈逐年下降趋势，趋势性检验差异有统计学意义（ P <0.05）。消瘦检出率及中重度贫血检出率随年度变化趋势稳定，趋势性检验差异均无统计学意义（ P >0.05）。结论2016—2020年佛山市顺德区3～6岁儿童营养状况呈两极化现象，营养不良、轻度贫血及肥胖率均呈现上升趋势;视力不良问题尤其严重，龋患情况控制较好。应重点加强疾病监测，定期对家长和幼儿园开展关于儿童营养方面和视力防护的指导，及时预防疾病的发生。

[关键词]营养状况;视力不良;龋齿;生长和发育;儿童

[中图分类号] R179  [文献标识码] A   [文章编号]2095-0616（2021）24-0178-04

Dynamic analysis of common diseases among children aged 3-6 years in Shunde District of Foshan City from 2016 to 2020

NONG  Xueyan    ZHU  Jinyuan    LIU  Yue    SHAO  Zixian    ZHOU  Haimei

Department of Child Healthcare， Shunde Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Medical University， Guangdong， Foshan 528300， China

[Abstract] Objective To understand the dynamic changes of common diseases among children aged 3-6 years in Shunde District of Foshan City from 2016 to 2020， and to provide corresponding preventive measures according to the prevalence level of each disease， so as to promote children's good growth and development. Methods The physical examination data of 24 kindergartens in Shunde District of Foshan City from 2016 to 2020 were collected， and the dynamic changes of detection rates of low body weight， growth retardation， emaciation， obesity， mild anemia， moderate and severe anemia， poor visual acuity， and dental caries in different years were analyzed longitudinally. The year 2016 was taken as the baseline level， and the growth margin of various diseases in different years was analyzed. Results The detection rates of low body weight， growth retardation， obesity， mild anemia and poor visual acuity all showed an upward trend with the increase of years， with statistically significant differences in trend test （P <0.05）. The detection rates of dental caries showed a downward trend with the increase of years， with statistically significant difference in trend test （P <0.05）. The detection rates of emaciation and moderate and severe anemia changed steadily with the years， with no significant differences in trend test （P >0.05）. Conclusion From 2016 to 2020， the nutritional status of children aged 3-6 years in Shunde District of Foshan City shows a polarization phenomenon， and the rates of malnutrition， mild anemia and obesity all show an upward trend. Poor visual acuity is particularly serious， and dental caries is well controlled. It is necessary to strengthen disease monitoring， provide regular guidance to parents and kindergartens on children's nutrition and vision protection， and timely prevent the occurrence of diseases.

[Key words] Nutritional status; Poor visual acuity; Dental caries; Growth and development; Children

健康和疾病的发育起源学说（developmental origins of health and disease，DOHaD）提到，如在早期发育过程中经历不利因素（如营养不良或营养过剩等），将会导致成年期的一些慢性非传染性疾病（包括糖尿病、心血管疾病等）的发生发展[1]。3～6岁为儿童早期发育的关键时期，其易发的常见疾病主要包括营养不良、贫血、视力不良、龋齿等[2]，定期检测及时实施有效的防控措施，给予均衡的营养、构建良好的卫生健康体系有利于激发儿童的生长潜能，同时可以有效预防成年期疾病的发生。……