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解读 by的用法

2021-09-10隋东菊

初中生学习指导·提升版 2021年1期
关键词:比较级英语教材胳膊

隋东菊

在英语教材中,我们经常见到by这个词,在不同的语句中,它有不同的含义,而且用法也比较灵活。现将其含义及具体用法讲述如下,供同学们学习时参考。

一、用作介词

1. 表示静态的位置,相当于beside或near,意为“在……旁边”“靠近……”。例如:

Our teacher is standing by the window. 我们的老师正站在窗户旁边。

His mobile phone is on the table by the bed. 他的手机在床边的桌子上。

2. 表示动态的位置,意为“从……旁边经过”“路过……”。例如:

She walked by me and didn’t say hello to me. 她从我旁边走过,没有跟我打招呼。

We went by the post office when we went to his house. 我们去他家时路过邮局。

3. 表示方法、方式,意为“以……为手段”“靠……”“乘……”等。例如:

The teacher began his lesson by asking some questions. 老师以提问的方式开始了上课。

He lost his key to the door. He had to enter his office by the window.

他把钥匙丢了。他不得不通过窗户进入办公室。

They left Beijing for home by air on August 1st. 他们于8月1日乘飞机离开北京回家了。

The hospital is far from here. Why not go there by taxi? 医院离这里很远。为什么不坐出租车去呢?

4. 表示一个动作接触某人身体某部位,大致相当于by means of,意为“用”“依靠”,常和take,hold,catch等动词连用。例如:

We hold the elephant by his teeth. 我們握住了那头大象的牙齿。

The policeman caught the thief by arm. 警察抓住了那个小偷的胳膊。

Don’t pull me by my arm. It hurts. 不要拉我的胳膊。它受伤了。

5. 表示标准或依据,意为“根据”“按照”。例如:

What’s the time by your watch? 你的表现在几点了?

Sugar is sold by the pound. 糖是论磅出售的。

6. 表示时间关系,它相当于no later than,意为“不迟于……”“到……为止”。例如:

Will you please finish the work by Wednesday? 请你在星期三之前完成这份工作好吗?

We had learned all the important grammars by the end of last term.

到上学期期末我们已经学完了所有重要的语法项目。

7. 表示行为的主体,常用于被动语态,意为“被……”“由……”。例如:

English is spoken by many people. 许多人讲英语。

The novel was written by Lu Xun. 这部小说是鲁迅写的。

All the buildings were built by the builders. 所有这些大楼都是建筑者们建造的。

8. 表示“逐个”“逐批”的意思,常见于one by one(一个一个地),little by little(一点一点地),step by step(一步一步地),day by day(日复一日地)等短语中,且这些短语在句中常用作状语。例如:

After meeting, the people went out of the meeting room one by one. 散会后,人们一个个地走出会议室。

That ship sank little by little. 那艘船逐渐下沉了。

When we learn to do something, we must do it step by step.

当我们学做某件事时,我们必须一步一步地来。

Our school is becoming larger day by day. 我们学校正一天天地变大。

二、用作副词

1. 表示“从旁边走过,在附近”。例如:

He walked by without noticing me. 他从旁边走过,没有注意到我。

There was nobody by at that time. 当时旁边没有人。

2. 表示“时间的过去”。例如:

Time went by so slowly after she had gone away. 自从她离开之后,时间过得好慢。

Now that the winter was by, there was no more danger of snow.

既然冬天过去了,再也没有下雪的危险了。

三、用于某些固定短语

1. by the way表示“顺便说一声”“顺便问一下”,常作插入语。例如:

By the way, where is Li Lei, do you know? 顺便问一下,你知道李雷在哪里吗?

2. (all) by oneself表示“独自地……”“单独地……”。例如:

Grandpa is ill. You can’t leave him by himself at home. 爷爷生病了。你不能把他独自留在家里。

Yin Li cleaned the classroom after school all by herself. 放学后,尹丽一个人打扫了教室。

3. by far表示“……得多”“尤其、更、最”。常用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级和最高级,表示数量、程度。例如:

I think this book is by far the most interesting of all. 我觉得这本书是所有的书中最有趣的。

The taller girl is the more beautiful by far of the two. 这个高个子女孩是这两个女孩中更漂亮的一个。

4. by chance/ accident表示“偶然地”。例如:

She found the truth by chance/ accident. 她偶然发现了事情的真相。

5. by and by表示“不久以后”“不一会儿”。例如:

By and by, we knew each other and made friends each other. 不久以后,我们彼此认识并且成了朋友。

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