范廷玉 钟建 王顺

摘 要：为探讨高潜水位采煤拉张裂隙区土壤中元素迁移特征，选择淮北矿区朱庄矿3522工作面地表拉张裂隙区为研究对象，按地势坡度从高到低划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区，在裂隙两侧间隔50cm布设21个观测点，每个观测点自上而下每20cm取样，共计105个样品，分析含水率、pH、有机质（SOM）、有效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）等指标。结果表明：拉张裂隙区土壤剖面含水率随深度增大;SOM在Ⅱ区台阶0～40cm地表聚集。AP在垂向剖面上分布无显著差异，在水平方向上在Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区显著积累;裂隙对0～20cm AK影响显著，土壤整体肥力属于瘦瘠到一般水平，斜坡水土流失与裂隙的隔断拦截作用，导致SOM在台阶区积累，AP在低区积累，AK在高区积累。

关键词：高潜水位;地表拉张裂隙;土壤特征

Abstract：In order to explore the characteristics of element migration in the soil of tension fracture area in high phreatic water level coal mining， the surface tension fracture area of 3522 working face in Zhuzhuang Mine of Huaibei mining area was selected as the research object. According to the terrain slope， it was divided into zone I， zone II and zone III. 21 observation points were set at 50 cm intervals on both sides of the fracture， and 105 samples were taken from each observation point every 20 cm from top to bottom. Organic matter （SOM）， available phosphorus （AP）， available potassium （AK）and other indicators were monitored. The results were showed as following：the water content of soil profile increased with the depth in the tension fracture area， and SOM accumulated on the 0～40cm surface of the step in area II. There was no significant difference in the vertical distribution of AP， but AP accumulated significantly in area II and Area III in the horizontal direction. The surface tension cracks had a significant effect to the AK concentration of 0～20cm soil depth， while the soil fertility belonged to the general level. The partition and interception of slope soil erosion and fissures lead to the accumulation of SOM in the bench area， AP in the low area and AK in the high area.

Key words：High phreatic water level; surface tension fractures; soil characteristics

煤炭是我国的主要能源，2018年我国能源生产结构中，原煤占比68.3%，能源消耗结构中煤炭占57.7%。井工开采是主要的采煤方式，导致地表塌陷并产生地表拉张裂隙[1-2]。根据采煤工作面生产与对应地表拉张裂隙发育情况，可将地表拉张裂隙分为横向裂隙（与切眼平行）与纵向裂隙（与风巷、机巷平行），横向裂隙位于沉陷盆地底部，沿采煤推进方向不断拉张与闭合，规模小且浅;纵向裂隙则分布在沉陷盆地区，形成后不断拉张，规模相对大且深。地表沉陷裂隙導致了沉陷区土壤呈现高度空间异质性[3-4]，水土流失[5]、优先流[6-8]、微地形改造[9]中粘粒、粉粒等易随着地表径流迁移，众多学者围绕土壤质量改变与植被群落结构退化[10]，围绕微生物群落多样性[11-12]、酶活性[13]等恢复土壤活性进行了研究，但目前针对沉陷区土壤性质研究并未区分拉张裂隙类型，进行土壤水分、营养元素的精细化空间分布研究。……