邓爱妮 罗金辉 苏初连 酒元达 刘子记 杨衍 赵敏

摘要：【目的】研究堿性含腐植酸营养液施用对海南樱桃番茄地酸化土壤理化环境及植株生长、果实产量和营养品质的影响，以期为碱性含腐植酸营养液在酸化土壤改良和优质樱桃番茄生产中的应用提供参考依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验，以酸性土壤为试验土壤，设不追肥（CK）、追施0.30‰复合肥（0.30‰ CF）、0.30‰腐植酸营养液（0.30‰ FDG）、0.20‰腐植酸营养液（0.20‰ FDG）和0.16‰腐植酸营养液（0.16‰ FDG）共5个处理，于樱桃番茄生育期内定期测定盆栽土壤pH，收获期（植株移栽120 d）测定叶片SPAD值、植株株高和茎粗以及果实产量和品质，测定盆栽土壤电导率、有效养分、阳离子交换性能及酶活性等指标，并对樱桃番茄果实品质、产量与土壤理化性质进行相关分析。【结果】在樱桃番茄植株移栽120 d时，施用0.20‰～0.30‰腐植酸营养液的盆栽土壤pH>5.60，而施用复合肥的土壤pH<5.00;0.20‰～0.30‰腐植酸营养液处理的盆栽土壤有机质含量相比复合肥处理均提高6.8%;腐植酸营养液处理的盆栽土壤电导率均低于复合肥处理，而阳离子交换量、交换性钙和交换性镁含量、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性高于复合肥处理。虽然腐植酸营养液处理的土壤有效氮磷钾含量呈现不同程度降低，但根据耕层土壤有效养分含量分级指标，其仍处于高水平，可满足樱桃番茄生长对土壤养分的需求。施用0.20‰～0.30‰腐植酸营养液的樱桃番茄植株株高、茎粗和生物量高于其他处理，果实产量和营养品质优于或等同于复合肥处理，其中0.30‰腐植酸营养液处理的果实产量较复合肥处理增产2.2%。相关分析结果表明，果实产量与土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量和阳离子交换量呈显著（P<0.05，下同）或极显著（P<0.01，下同）正相关;品质大部分指标与土壤pH、交换性钙含量、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关，与土壤电导率呈显著负相关。【结论】腐植酸营养液处理以0.20‰～0.30‰施用量效果最佳，既能改良酸化土壤，又可提高樱桃番茄产质量。

关键词： 腐植酸营养液;樱桃番茄;酸性土壤;产量;品质

中图分类号： S641.2                          文献标志码： A 文章编号：2095-1191（2021）05-1282-09

Abstract： 【Objective】In order to provide theoretical and practical basis for application of alkaline humic acid fertili-zer amendment substituting chemical fertilizer in acified soil improvement and high quality cherry tomato production，the effects of humic acid fertilizer amendment substituting chemical fertilizer on soil physical and chemical environment，cherry tomato plant growth， fruit yield and quality were studied. 【Method】Pot experiments were conducted and acid soil was as test soil. Five treatments were established：0.30‰ compound fertilizer（0.30‰ CF），0.30‰ humic acid fertilizer amendment treatment（0.30‰ FDG），0.20‰ humic acid fertilizer amendment treatment（0.20‰ FDG），and 0.16‰ humic acid fertilizer amendment treatment（0.16‰ FDG），with an unfertilized treatment as the control（CK）. Soil pH was monitored regularly during planting. The leaf SPAD， plant height，stem diameter，fruit yield and quality were investigated at harvest period（transplanting 120 d）， soil conductivity， effective nutrients， cation exchange properties and enzyme activity were detected， and cherry tomato quality，correlation analysis on yield，and soil physicochemical properties was conducted.  【Result】The soil pH treated by 0.20‰-0.30‰ humic acid fertilizer amendment was >5.60 at fruit maturity stage， while soil pH treated by compound fertilizer was<5.00. Compared with unfertilized treatment（CK），0.20‰-0.30‰ humic acid fertilizer amendment increased soil organic matter by 6.8%. Humic acid fertilizer amendment decreased soil electrical conductivity when compared with the compound fertilizer treatment. In addition，soil cation exchange capacity，soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium，acid phosphatase，sucrase and polyphenol oxidase activity were higher than that treated with compound fertilizer. Although the content of available N，P and K in soil treated with humic acid fertilizer amendment were decreased to different levels，it was still at a high level according to the classification index of available nutrient content in top soil，which could meet the demand of soil nutrient for cherry tomato plant growth. The plant height，stem diameter and biomass of cherry tomato treated with 0.20‰-0.30‰ humic acid fertilizer amendment were higher than those treated with other treatments，and the nutritional quality of fruit was superior to or equal to those treated with compound fertilizer. Compared with compound fertilizer treatment，0.30‰ humic acid fertilizer amendment increased fruit yield by 2.2%. Cherry tomato fruit yield was significantly（P<0.05， the same below） or extremely（P<0.01， the same below）  positively correlated with organic matter，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen，and cation exchange capacity. In addition，most indexes of cherry tomato fruit quality were significantly or extremely positively correlated with soil pH，exchangeable calcium，acid phosphatase，and sucrase activities，and significantly negatively correlated with soil electrical conductivity. 【Conclusion】Humic acid fertilizer amendment can be employed with 0.20‰-0.30‰ for the best benefits with regard to the improvement of acid soil pH and fruit yield and quality of cherry tomato.

Key words： humic acid fertilizer amendment; cherry tomato; acid soil; yield; quality

Foundation item： Basic Scientific Research Project for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences（16300820 20003，1630082020009）; Agricultural Technology Experiment  Demonstration and Service Support Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs（2019）

0 引言

【研究意义】樱桃番茄为海南冬季果菜重要作物之一，全岛种植面积已扩增至0.56万ha（伍壮生等，2018），以露地种植为主，土壤类型主要为砖红壤，复合（混）肥和尿素是当地种植户常施用的肥料（辛曙丽和刘永华，2019）。由于可耕作土地复种指数高及番茄需肥量大等原因，樱桃番茄生产中过量使用化肥，不仅造成肥料浪费（Simpson et al.，2011），在高温高湿多雨的露地种植条件下还会加快土壤酸化和盐渍化进程（Guo et al.，2010;金修宽，2018），制约樱桃番茄产业可持续发展。随着化肥、农药双减政策和零增长目标的提出，以其他肥料替代化肥的研究快速发展（李双和曾宪成，2019;刘中良等，2020）。近年……