鲁一 耿凡坤 戚印鑫 李琳

摘 要：中小型引水渠首工程由闸室、护坦、防冲槽等主体结构组成。通过模型试验，研究分析相同地质条件及同等边界条件下消能工的工作规律，掌握消能防冲槽在无抛石或有抛石工况下消能工的水流特性，为消能防冲工程设计提供参考依据。研究发现：防冲槽内，在无抛石或抛填任何均匀粒径的卵石时，总会存在一个过水流量QX使闸前至护坦末端的沿程流速基本呈正态分布且流速与流量正相关;当防冲槽内无抛石或抛填任何均匀或混合粒径的卵石时，都改变不了流速大小的分布规律。对于一个几何结构不变的消能工，消能防冲槽内无任何抛填物的工况下，其最佳消能能力是一个常数;当防冲槽内有抛填卵石时，任何流量都存在一个使其防冲槽消能效果最好的最佳粒径组合，在最佳粒径组合下的流速就是对下游破坏力最小的安全流速。

关键词：护坦及防冲槽;水流特性;消能防冲;模型试验

中图分类号：TV653 文献标志码：A

doi：10.39691;issn，1000-1379.2021.08.022

引用格式：鲁一，耿凡坤，戚印鑫，等.中小型渠首工程消能工水流特性模型试验研究[J].人民黄河，2021，43（8）：122-129.

Abstract： Small and medium-sized canal head projects are mostly composed of main structures such as lock chamber， apron and anti-scour channel. Through model tests， the working rules of dissipators under the same geological conditions and the same boundary conditions were analyzed， and the flow characteristics of the anti-scour channel whether with ripraps or not were found. The study shows that there will always be a passing water flow QX when there is no boulder or pebbles of any uniform particle size in the anti-flushing channel， which causes the flow velocity from the front of the gate to the end of the tank is nearly a normal fashion， also the flow rate has a positive correlation; the distribution of the flow rate cannot be changed when there is no riprap in the anti-scour channel or any uniform or mixed-size pebbles are filled. For an energy dissipator with the same geometric structure， the best energy dissipation capacity is a constant under no throwing material in the anti-scour channel; when gravel is disposed in the anti-scour channel， there is an optimal particle size combination for the best energy dissipation effect under any flow rate， which means that the flow rate at this particle size is the safe flow rate with the least damage to the downstream.

Key words： apron and anti-scour channel; flow behavior characteristics; energy dissipation; model test

新疆農业是灌溉农业，灌溉用水的80%以上取自地表河流[1]，且绝大部分为多泥沙河流[2]。根据新疆地形特征，其渠首工程多布置在出山口处。由于河道纵比降大，因此渠首引洪时闸后冲刷严重，特别是当来水挟带泥沙时更容易威胁闸室整体安全。新疆渠首工程基本处于低水头运行状态，其消能方式以底流消能为主[3]，利用底部水流发生的水跃进行消能，这样能够获得较高的消能效率[4-5]。……