高红艳 唐英敏 赵立飞

摘 要：水库环境中发生的滑坡涌浪或洪水波传播到大坝附近时会沿着坝体继续爬升，严重时可能会发生漫坝。漫坝水流对下游所造成的危害往往是毁灭性的。为了研究冲击波漫坝时的水力特征，在试验水槽中用孤立波来模拟涌浪漫坝过程。试验中发现孤立波最大漫坝高度发生在坝顶紧靠迎水坡处，且各漫坝指标与静水深度、相对波高、坝前角度、坝顶宽度等控制参数有关。通过对无量纲参数的多元回归分析，建立了漫坝体积、最大漫坝高度和漫坝持续时间的经验计算公式，揭示了孤立波漫坝水力特性与各控制参数间的关系，可为大坝设计及水库漫坝险情应急处理提供参考。

关键词：孤立波;漫坝;模型试验;无量纲分析

中图分类号：TV135.1 文献标志码：A

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2021.08.009

引用格式：高红艳，唐英敏，赵立飞.孤立波漫坝模型试验研究[J].人民黄河，2021，43（8）：48-51.

Abstract：Landslide surge occurred in reservoir wasting into the dam generates so-called impulse waves. These waves run up onto shores and may overtop dams which often causes devastating damage to the downstream of the dam. This research dealt with solitary waves to model the overtopping process in a two-dimensional laboratory-scale test setup for studying the hydraulic characteristics of dam overtopping. It was found that the maximum wave overtopping depth locates at the dam crest. The indexes of wave overtopping were related to the governing parameters of still-water depth， relative wave amplitude， dam front face angle and dam crest width. The predictive equations for overtopping volume， maximum overtopping depth and wave overtopping duration were derived in this study by using a multi-variable regression analysis of the dimensionless parameters， which revealed the relationship between hydraulic characteristics and control parameters. This study provided a theoretical basis for dam design and emergency treatment for dam overtopping.

Key words： solitary wave; dam overtopping; model test; dimensionless analysis

高山峽谷水库地质条件复杂，大中型滑坡分布广泛，高速运动的山体滑坡入水后诱发的冲击波会迅速向远处传播。当滑坡发生点距下游水利枢纽较近时，所产生的冲击波无法得到充分衰减，在到达坝前水域时依然具有较大的立波高度并携带巨大能量，导致离岸波沿着坝身继续向上爬动，严重时甚至发生漫坝，对下游居民生命财产及沿岸基础设施造成巨大损失。其中最著名也是最惨痛的案例是发生在意大利瓦伊昂（Vajont）水库的滑坡涌浪事件[1-2]。对于土石坝来说，冲击波或洪水漫溢还会对大坝结构安全造成严重威胁，甚至有发生溃坝的危险[3]。……