孙占宇 赵丹丹

内容摘要：立足于出土秦汉历表类简册的整体特点，从简牍材质形制、书法风格及抄本特点等方面的一致性入手，对《悬泉漢简（壹）》中13枚残简的具体内容进行了细致考证，局部复原5件年代可考的册书。并初步指出“历日”主要用于查看日期和时日禁忌，与近世流行的“宪书”“皇历”并无太大区别;而“质日”则兼具“历日”与“记事簿”的双重功能，与今日流行的台历较为接近。二者之别，主要在是否记事或预备记事。

关键词：悬泉汉简;历日;质日

中图分类号：K877.5  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）06-0127-09

Restoration of the Fragmental Calendar Entries in Wooden Slips from

Xuanquan Outpost I

—Plus a Discussion on Liri and Zhiri

SUN Zhanyu1 ZHAO Dandan2

（1. Wooden Slips Research Institute， Lanzhou City University， Lanzhou， Gansu 730030;

2. Wooden Slips Research Center， Alashan Museum， Alashan Left County， Inner Mongolia 750306）

Abstract：This paper conducts a detailed study of the contents of thirteen fragmental slips from Wooden Slips of Xuanquan Outpost I based on analysis of the characteristics of calendar entries from the Qin and Han dynasty slips， including physical material and shape and calligraphic style. The thirteen slips can be partially restored into five imperial edicts that have been accurately dated. This analysis has also clarified the meaning and use of two terms related to the use of ancient calendars. Liri（calendar days） were mainly used to catalogue and check the taboos of specific dates and times and were similar to the almanacs of modern times. Zhiri （particular days; diary days） functioned as both an almanac and a personal memo pad for officials and were similar to a desk calendar with a record of events organized according to the Chinese sexagenary cycle. The main difference between liri and zhiri is whether or not a given entry was intended for the recording of events.

Keywords：Wooden Slips from Xuanquan Outpost; liri; zhiri

近百余年来，西北地区疏勒河、额济纳河流域曾出土不少“编册横读式”历表散简{1}，研究者已从中复原出若干残册，为汉代历法研究提供了宝贵的第一手资料。近些年来，南方墓葬简牍（含高校入藏简牍）中也有不少“编册横读式”历表类材料，多数是完整或基本完整的简册，其中往往有记事性文字，在一定程度上反映了秦汉帝国基层官员的工作日常，引发了学界的兴趣。

这种历表类材料最早出现在斯坦因所获敦煌汉简中，罗振玉称其为“历谱”，其后学者沿用甚久，并无异议。2003年，邓文宽根据东汉王充等人的记述并参考敦煌文献中多件类似材料的自题名，指出此类历表应称作“历日”[1]。2008年，李零又根据银雀山汉简“七年视日”及张家山汉简“七年质日”的自题名，主张将此类历表称作“视日”或“质日”[2]。近年刊布的肩水金关汉简和岳麓秦简中，分别出现了“磿（历）日”“质日”等标题简和简册，皆为以上说法提供了实物支持。……