內容摘要：《太公家教》是敦煌文献中写本最多的家教类蒙书，一直以来深受关注，论著篇章多达数十种。其内容为梳理经典要义并改写成琅琅上口的韵语短句，同时集录当时社会流行的足以发人深省的谚语，展现雅俗融合的“格言谚语体”特色。因其易于接受、便于口传、利于记忆因而广泛流传，影响久远。本文特从《父母恩重经讲经文》《文词教林》《新集文词九经抄》等变文、蒙书的援引以及在《太公家教》基础上改写创作的通俗训诫诗一卷本《王梵志诗》入手，考见其在敦煌社会的接受与影响。又从吐鲁番文书及吐蕃文《太公家教》写本残卷、唐代长沙窑瓷器遗存所见的字句题词及典籍记述等，亦可考知其在敦煌以外的流传与影响的情况;说明此蒙书具有传承性、变异性与集体性的特色，彰显出传统蒙书的社会价值及其对中国俗文化的意义，也开阔童蒙文化研究的另一视野。

关键词：太公家教;蒙书;格言谚语;长沙窑;俗文化

中图分类号：G256.1  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）06-0079-14

On the Spread of Master Keungs Teachings and

the Chinese Folk Cultures Contained within the Text

ZHU Fengyu

（Department of Chinese Literature， Jiayi University， Jiayi， Taiwan 600）

Abstract：Taigong Jiajiao （Master Keungs Teachings） is a fascinating textbook on family education， and has the distinction of being the text with the greatest number of copies among Dunhuang manuscripts. The book attracted immediate attention upon its discovery and publication， and is already the subject of several academic articles. The contents of the text are primarily pithy， memorable verses written to express the main ideas of classical Chinese texts and a collection of the various proverbs popular in society at the time the book was written. The exceptional longevity and scale of propagation this text achieved can be attributed to an elegant but down to earth style of writing that made the proverbs easy to understand， remember， and orally transmit. This paper presents a special study on the widespread acceptance and influence of Taigong Jiajiao on Dunhuang society by examining quotations and commentary in Tang dynasty textbooks and bianwen（a popular form of spoken literature from the Tang dynasty that propagated Buddhist sutras and historical and folk stories） such as Fumu Enzhong Jing Jiangjingwen（Sutra Preaching Texts on the Kindness of Parents）， Wenci Jiaolin （Educational Literary Reader）， and Xinji Wenci Jiujing （New Collection of Nine Literary Classics）. Further research material is provided by Wangfanzhi Shi （Wang Fanzhis Poems）， a popular volume of moralistic poetry written on the basis of Taigong Jiajiao. This paper also discusses the spread and influence of the text beyond the Dunhuang region based on analysis of Turfan documents， fragmental manuscripts of Taigong Jiajiao written in ancient Tibetan， the words and sentences preserved on Tang dynasty porcelain made in Changsha， and other historical documents. The conclusion of this research is that the value of these textbooks can be thought of in terms of variability， collectivity， and inheritance： the proverbs and sayings they contain address a wide range of topics that comprehensively represent the life style of the time and are easily passed from generation to generation. Analysis of such texts not only highlights the social value of traditional textbooks and their place in Chinese folk culture， but also broadens the field of view taken by researchers interested in the culture of childhood education.

Keywords：Taigong Jiajiao; textbooks; proverbs and sayings; Changsha porcelain; folk literature

（Translated by WANG Pingxian）

一 研究旨趣

中国蒙书起源早，后世发展更趋普及，蒙书体类渐多，形成包括识字教育、思想教育与知识教育等的完整体系，而唐代即为此一发展之关键期。然以此类资料大多通俗鄙俚，因而史志多不著录，后人既难得知，获睹尤为不易。今幸敦煌文献的发现而保存有可观的数量与种类，提供考察当时蒙书流传的实况。其中《太公家教》是今存写本最多的家教类蒙书，也是唐五代北宋初期最为流行的格言谚语汇编的蒙书。……