谈北平

内容摘要：解冤结菩萨造像的标志性特征为菩萨座下造一牛，呈骑牛状，集中分布于今四川安岳、重庆大足地区，从五代延续至南宋，具有较强的地域性。此造像题材的产生是唐末五代解冤结信仰急剧发展的结果，是佛教世俗化、民间化的产物。解冤结菩萨的主要功能为解冤释结，使得“冤家不相遇会”，时至北宋末年其功能已相当完备。解冤结菩萨骑牛形象很可能是蜀地炽盛光佛乘牛车简化后的形象，图像的粉本来源于当时川渝地区的佛教中心成都寺院。

关键词：解冤结菩萨;五代至南宋;民间化;炽盛光佛

中图分类号：K879.3  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）06-0049-10

Removing Enmity： A Study on Bodhisattva Sculpture Expressing

the Removal of Hate in Sichuan and Chongqing

TAN Beiping

（School of Archaeology and Museology， Sichuan University， Chengdu， Sichuan 610064）

Abstract：The symbolic feature of Buddhist statuary used to express the removal of enmity is a Bodhisattva sat atop a cow. This theme is mainly found in Buddhist art dating from the Five Dynasties to the Southern Song dynasty in Anyue， Sichuan province， and Dazu， Chongqing， and generally exhibits strong regional characteristics. The theme of removing enmity appeared as a result of the rapid development during the late Tang dynasty and Five Dynasties of a belief in the importance of cleansing one's heart and conscience， which arose primarily as a byproduct of the secularization and popularization of Buddhism. The main function of this enmity-removing Bodhisattva was to remove the source of hate between two enemies and cause them to never meet again. By the end of the Northern Song dynasty， both the form and function of this Bodhisattva figure were complete. The image of a Bodhisattva riding a cow was likely borrowed from a simplified image of the Tejaprabha Buddha riding an ox cart that was already popular in the Sichuan region. The draft used to standardize the theme came from Chengdu Temple， which was the center of Buddhist activity in Sichuan and Chongqing at that time.

Keywords：Enmity-removing Bodhisattva; Five Dynasties to Southern Song; popularization; Buddha Tejaprabha

解冤結菩萨造像出现于五代时期的石窟中，集中分布在今成都以东的安岳和大足地区。大足北山佛湾第209龛刻有解冤结菩萨的题记，为我们识别石窟中解冤结菩萨造像提供了参考。近年来已有部分学者撰文讨论过相关问题，如李小强先生从文献、图像和民俗三个角度对解冤结观念进行了讨论[1]，Tom Suchan先生对大足佛湾第209龛解冤结菩萨造像执物进行了研究，认为可能与四川民间佛道混合宗派及佛道混合的丧葬礼俗有关[2]。关于解冤结菩萨造像特征、产生的原因、功能、骑牛形象的来源等，学界关注不够，讨论不多。笔者拟在已有的研究基础上，结合近年新发现的材料，对上述问题加以探讨。

一 造像的发现与分布

解冤结菩萨造像区别于其他菩萨造像的特征主要为莲座下造牛。结合造像题记和特征，川渝地区石窟中能确定为解冤结菩萨造像的共有10龛，分别位于安岳的灵游院、圆觉洞、千佛寨、侯家湾以及大足的佛湾、石壁寺、福兴寺、三存岩、佛耳岩。……