张连成 刘洁 高淑青 陶莹莹

摘 要：基于Thaler和Sunstein的双系统理论，从第1类助推和第2类助推的视角，讨论国内外助推方面的相关研究及其对锻炼行为促进研究与实践的启示。第1类助推策略基于人的无意识系统来实现，主要包括：改变行为背景，增加锻炼的可选择性;改变默认选项，促进锻炼的积极决策;进行榜样启动，增加锻炼的可见性。第2类助推策略基于人们的反思性思维，让人们感受到行为动力进而激发人的行为，主要包括：公开自我承诺，促进锻炼的持久性;使用描述性社会规范，促进锻炼的积极性;进行日常提醒，克服锻炼的懒惰性;利用选择框架，增加锻炼的易得性;使用社会影响策略，提升锻炼的趣味性。未来研究需要重点探索3个问题：第一，进一步检验锻炼助推策略的有效性;第二，探究助推干预的长期效果问题;第三，进行基于双系统理论的锻炼促进联合研究。

关 键 词：运动心理学;身体活动;锻炼促进;助推策略;锻炼行为干预;锻炼决策;综述

中图分类号：G804.8 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2021）03-0063-08

Abstract： Based on the Dual-System theory of Thaler and Sunstein， this article discussed the relevant research progress of nudge and its enlightenment to the research and practice of exercise behavior promotion from the perspective of the first nudge strategy and the second nudge strategy. The first type of nudge strategy is mainly based on human unconscious system， which mainly includes changing the behavioral background and increasing the selectivity of exercise; changing the default options to promote active decision-making in exercise; initiating role models to increase the visibility of exercise. The second type of nudge is mainly based on human reflective thinking， allowing people to feel the motivation of behavior and then inspiring human behavior， which includes opening self-commitment to promote the durability of exercise; using descriptive social norms to promote the enthusiasm of exercise; making daily reminders to overcome the laziness of exercise; utilizing the selection framework to increase the availability of exercise; employing social influence strategies to improve something interesting of exercise. Based on those above， three issues needed to be explored in future research were suggested： at first， further testing the effectiveness of exercise nudge strategies; secondly， exploring the long-term effects of nudge intervention; thirdly， conducting joint research on exercise promotion based on Dual-System theory.

Key words： sports psychology;physical activity;exercise promotion;nudge strategy;exercise behavior intervention;exercise decision-making;review

根據世界卫生组织的统计数据，全球约有60%～85%的成年人习惯久坐不动的生活方式，约67%的儿童缺乏锻炼，而且缺乏锻炼现已成为全球第四大死亡原因，占比高达6%[1]。在我国，1991—2009年这18年间仅2/5国民经常参加身体活动[2]，这说明在健康领域，虽然人们对于锻炼效益的认知较为积极，但缺乏相应行动，长期如此会对我们的健康产生极其不利影响[3]。

为促进更多的人参与体育煅炼，目前有很多学者提出了相关理论或模型，例如健康信念模型、计划行为理论、自我决定理论以及跨理论模型等[4]。……