莫勋哲

摘 要：行政法上的公物，是实现行政目的的“物的手段”，高校体育设施是以教育目的为主、社会公益性为辅的公物。不同地区、城乡、学校类别之间体育设施的配置和利用状况存在差异，导致体育设施向社会开放的条件有所不同。法律、法规有关学校体育设施向社会开放的规定，是通过对特定行为模式的肯定和倡导的“鼓励性规定”来发挥指引作用，“鼓励性规定”在规范结构上缺乏相应的法律后果，难以作为公民主张权利和司法裁判的依据，需要具体认识其规范效力。“鼓励性规定”一方面为高校设定了努力向社会开放体育设施的积极义务，另一方面要求政府部门负责消除学校开放体育设施的各项障碍和隐患，完善高校体育设施社会开放的规范体系、管理体制、绩效评价体系和风险分担机制，逐步提高学校体育设施向社会开放的水平。

关 键 词：体育法;公物法;高校体育设施;社会开放;倡导性规范

中图分类号：G80-05 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2021）03-0016-09

Abstract： The public property in the administrative law is the "means" to achieve the administrative purpose， and the sports facilities at university are the public property with the educational purpose as the main purpose and the social welfare as the supplement. There are differences in the configuration and utilization of sports facilities among different regions， urban and rural areas， and school categories， which leads to different conditions for opening sports facilities to the society. The provisions of laws and regulations concerning the opening of school sports facilities to the society play a guiding role by affirming specific behavioral patterns and advocating "encouraging regulations". The "encouraging regulations" lack corresponding legal consequences in the normative structure， and difficult to as the basis for citizens to claim rights and judicial judgments， which is necessary to understand their normative effects in detail. On the one hand， the “encouraging regulations” set positive obligations for colleges and universities to make efforts to open sports facilities to the society， and at the same time required government departments to be responsible for eliminating obstacles and hidden dangers in opening sports facilities at schools， and improved the normative system， management system， performance evaluation system and risk sharing mechanism of social opening with sports facilities ， so as to gradually enhance the level of opening school sports facilities to the society.

Key words： sports law;public property law;sports facilities at university;social opening;advocating norms

2020年9月22日，习近平[1]在教育文化卫生体育领域专家代表座谈会上强调：建设体育强国要“紧紧围绕满足人民群众需求，统筹建设全民健身场地设施”。公共体育设施的建设、配置是实现全民健身的物质基础，而公共体育设施相对匮乏的现实状况又制约着全民健身水平的提高。2009年开始实施的《全民健身条例》第二十八条规定：“公办学校应当积极创造条件向公众开放体育设施;国家鼓励民办学校向公众开放体育设施。……