廉睿 卫跃宁

摘 要：在《体育法》的条款建构中，软法性条款占40.13%，半软法性条款占37.65%，远超软法性条款和半软法性条款在其他法律中的平均占比。究其原因，这与新型体育权的高度自觉性和立法者“人为性缺陷”密切关联。在《体育法》的运行实践中，软法性条款并非真的“软”，而是通过独特的“自发机制型”“政策辅助型”“权力主导型”实施机制来获得运行。事实上，在《体育法》的运行过程中，由“软法”所衍生出的软法性条款或半软法性条款，是一种建立在“软法”基础上的治理模式，在治理过程中，它会贴近“民意”，并且以动员、宣传和鼓励为主要手段，从而实现法律的“软性着陆”。而建立在硬法性条款基础上的“硬法治理”，则是一种传统的治理模式，多表现为义务性规范和禁止性规范，在治理过程中力求凸显“国家法”的唯一权威性，并以国家暴力机关为后盾，从而实现法律的“硬性着陆”。显然，“软法治理”与“硬法治理”模式存在着效力的互补性。因此，不管是软法性条款，还是硬法性条款，都应成为《体育法》中的重要因子，两者缺一不可。“软硬混治”应成为新时代语境下《体育法》未来发展趋势。

关 键 词：体育法;混合型法治;软法性条款;硬法性条款

中图分类号：G80-05 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2021）03-0001-08

Abstract： In the construction of the provisions of the Sports Law， the proportion of "soft law clause" is 40.13%， and that of "semi-soft law clause" is 37.65%， which far exceeds the average proportion of "soft law clause" and "semi-soft law clause" in other laws. The reason is that it is closely related to the high consciousness of the new sports right and the "artificial sexual defect" of legislators. In the operation practice of "Sports Law"， the "soft law clause" is not really "soft"， but through the unique "spontaneous mechanism"， "policy assistance" and "power-oriented" implementation mechanism. In fact， in the course of the operation of the Sports Law， the "soft law clause" or "semi-soft law clause" derived from the "soft law" is a governance model based on the "soft law". It will be close to "public opinion" and take mobilization， publicity and encouragement as the main means to realize the "soft landing" of the law. However， the "hard law governance"， which is based on the "hard law clause"， is a traditional governance model， which is mostly manifested as obligatory norms and prohibitive norms. In the process of governance， it strives to highlight the only authority of the "national law". And with the national violent organs as the backing， so as to achieve the "hard landing" of the law. Obviously， the models of "soft law governance" and "hard law governance" are complementary to each other. Therefore， no matter "soft law clause" or "hard law clause"， should become an important factor in the Sports Law， both of which are indispensable. "mixed treatment of soft and hard law clause" should become the future development trend of "Sports Law" in the context of the new era.

Key words： sports law;hybrid rule of law;soft law clause;hard law clause

“軟法”并非中国法治体系中的本土资源，而是区域间法律移植运动的必然结果。20世纪中期，“软法”理念最早萌生于“国际法”领域，在原初意义上，它是指本身并无直接的法律强制力，但是却能产生一定法律效果的国际法规范。……