于化龙 李晶晶 任美儒 刘禄威 马树杰

摘  要：為评价53科110种植物的杀虫活性，本研究采用小叶碟添加法和微量点滴法，测定了植物乙醇提取物对小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）、粘虫（Mythimna seperata）和豌豆修尾蚜（Megoura japonica）的杀虫活性;进一步测定了活性较好植物提取物对小菜蛾、粘虫和豌豆修尾蚜的拒食、胃毒和触杀毒力。结果表明：在1 g/mL的供试剂量下，铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）、荸荠（Eleocharis dulcis）和白棠子树（Callicarpa dichotoma）对小菜蛾3龄幼虫72 h的校正死亡率均在80%以上，LC50分别为321.94、352.46、457.14 mg/mL;鹿藿（Rhynchosia volubilis）对小菜蛾3龄幼虫72 h的拒食率在90%以上，AFC50为362.74 mg/mL。木蝴蝶（Oroxylum indicum）和铁皮石斛对粘虫3龄幼虫72 h的校正死亡率均在60%以上;铁皮石斛和木蝴蝶对粘虫3龄幼虫的拒食率均为90%以上，AFC50分别为318.06和329.94 mg/mL。荸荠、铁皮石斛、秋子梨（Pyrus ussuriensis）、单叶蔓荆（Vitex rotundifolia）和青藤仔（Jasminum nervosum）提取物对豌豆修尾蚜的LC50分别为21.87、190.22、225.51、233.47、273.76 mg/mL。由此可见，木蝴蝶、铁皮石斛、白棠子树和荸荠等4种植物的杀虫活性较好，具有进一步研究的价值。

关键词：植物源农药;小菜蛾;粘虫;豌豆修尾蚜：杀虫活性

中图分类号：S482.3+9      文献标识码：A

Insecticidal Activity of Extracts from 110 Traditional Chinese

Medicines

YU Hualong， LI Jingjing， REN Meiru， LIU Luwei， MA Shujie*

College of Plant Protection， Hebei Agricultural University， Baoding， Hebei 071001， China

Abstract： In order to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the extracts from traditional Chinese medicines， 110 plant extracts were tested by the leaf disc method and micro spot method， with Plutella xylostella， Mythimna separate and Megoura japonica as the indicators， and the antifeedant， stomach posioning and contact toxicity were further evaluated. The results showed that Dendrobium officinale， Eleocharis dulcis and Callicarpa dichotoma extracts had high toxic on 3rd larva of P. xylostella， with the corrected mortality of more than 80% after 72 h; and the LC50 value was 321.94， 352.46 and 457.14 mg/mL， respectively. The antifeedant rate of Rhynchosia volubilis extract was over 90% against 3rd larva of P. xylostella after 72 h， and the AFC50 value was 362.74 mg/mL. The corrected mortality of Oroxylum indicum and D. officinale extracts were over 60% against 3rd larva of M. separate; D. officinale and O. indicum extract had effective antifeedant activity against 3rd larva of M. separate， with the antifeedant rate of more than 90% after 72 h， and the AFC50 value was 318.06 and 329.94 mg/mL， respectively. The toxicity test showed E. dulcist， D. officinale， Pyrus ussuriensis， Vitex rotundifolia and Jasminum nervosum had effective contact activity against M. japonica， with the LC50 of 21.87， 190.22， 225.51， 233.47 and 273.76 mg/mL， respectively. In a word， O. indicum， D. officinale， C. dichotoma and E. dulcis had effective insecticidal activity， and should be further studied.

Keywords： botanical pesticide; Plutella xylostella; Mythimna separate; Megoura japonica; insecticidal activity

DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2021.07.036

从植物中发现具有杀虫活性的化合物，以其为先导合成新型化学农药，或直接将其开发成植物源杀虫剂，是新农药创制的热点之一[1-2]，其中筛选和发现具有杀虫活性的植物资源是一项重要的基础性工作[3-5]。我国中药植物资源丰富，其中已报道的具有杀虫活性的苦参[6]、藜芦[7]、百部[8]、苦皮藤[9]、雷公藤[10]等均是重要的中药植物。因此，从中药植物中筛选和发现具有杀虫活性的资源是植物源杀虫剂研究的重要方向之一。李秀梅等[11]报道了18种中草药提取物对褐飞虱和甜菜夜蛾的杀虫活性;丁伟等[12]对14种中药植物资源进行了杀虫活性研究;孙明清等[13]研究了58种中草药对棉铃虫的生物活性。……