刘晓燕 高云飞 田勇 李小平 马静

摘 要：水库和淤地坝的拦沙作用是黄河泥沙减少的重要影响因素。通过连续10 a的调查和研究，基本摸清了潼关以上黄河流域淤地坝和水库的数量及其时空分布，进而计算了水库和淤地坝在不同时期的拦（引）沙量、反演了黄河流域过去100 a的产沙情势变化过程。结果表明：20世纪70年代是水库、淤地坝和灌溉工程拦（引）沙最多的时期，合计达5亿t/a，之后逐步降低，2010—2019年为2.73亿t/a。还原水库和淤地坝拦沙量后可见，70年代是过去100 a中流域产沙最剧烈的时期;1980—1999年、2000—2009年和2010—2019年与1930—1969年相比，黄河流域的单位有效降雨产沙量分别降低13%、54%、79%。若按2010年以来的淤积速率测算，至2070年前后，现有水库和淤地坝拦沙量约4 000万t/a。该研究不仅可在相当程度上回答过去几十年黄河输沙量减少的原因，而且可为黄河重大工程的拦沙量设计提供参考。

关键词： 淤地坝;水库;拦沙量;产沙情势;反演;黄河

中图分类号：P333;TV882.1 文献标志码：A

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2021.07.004

引用格式：刘晓燕，高云飞，田勇，等.黄河潼关以上坝库拦沙作用及流域百年产沙情势反演[J].人民黄河，2021，43（7）：19-23.

Abstract： The warping dams and reservoirs have been an important factor accounting for sediment reducing of the Yellow River. Through lots of investigation and research during ten years，this paper figured out their quantity and its temporal-spatial distribution and calculated the sediment amount intercepted by dams during the past different periods and played back the sediment production situation along the past 100 years. The results show that the sediment quantity intercepted by dams from 1970 to 1979 is the maximum in the last 100 years and the total is 0.5 billion t/a and then it is gradually decreased. From 2010 to 2019， the warping dams and reservoirs intercept 0.273 billion t/a of sediment in total. After restoring the intercepted sediment by dams， it is found that in the 1970s is the most severe period in the past 100 years. Comparing with the situation from 1930 to 1969， the sediment yield produced by the effective rainfall is decreased by 13%， 54% and 79% respectively during the periods of 1980-1999， 2000-2009 and 2010-2019. If calculating with the deposition rate of the last 10 years， the sediment intercepted by the existing dams will be 40 million t/a by around 2070. This research results can not only explain the reasons of sediment discharge reduction of the Yellow River to a considerable extent， but also provide an important reference to the key projects plan and design.

Key words： warping dam;reservoir;sediment intercepted;sediment production situation;restore;Yellow River

水庫拦沙是黄河潼关输沙量变化的重要影响因素。20世纪90年代，水利部黄河水沙变化基金项目组对黄河流域干支流水库拦沙量进行过全面调查，对无定河等重点支流水沙变化和巴家嘴等支流水库拦沙量进行了深入分析[1]。近年来，田勇等[2]对2007—2011年黄河河口镇至潼关区间的水库拦沙量进行了全面调查。不过，迄今对20世纪90年代后期以来潼关以上地区水库拦沙的系统研究很少。……