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1964—2014:美国烟草管制斗争的半个世纪

2021-08-02熊樟林

安徽师范大学学报 2021年4期

关键词:烟草管制;权力;权利

摘 要:选择以权力与权利的组合关系为观察视角,可以十分清晰地呈现美国烟草管制斗争半个世纪的基本格局:在权利与权利斗争关系中,其彰显为美国烟害诉讼的曲折发展,主要围绕烟草致害是否成立侵权赔偿而展开;在权利与权力斗争关系中,其外化为烟草管制与公民权利之间包容与界分的诸多争论,主要围绕烟草管制是否侵犯公民基本权力而展开;在权力与权力斗争关系中,其集中于美国药品与食品管理局(FDA)烟草管辖权从无到有的变迁历程,主要围绕其是否具有主体正当性而展开。通过这一梳理,我们可以获知的基本经验包括:真实评估烟害诉讼的管制效果及其在我国的可行性、尊重和落实法律保留原则、集中配置我国烟草管制行政执法权限。

中图分类号:D911 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-2345(2021)04-0062-14

1964—2014: A Half-century of the US Tobacco Control Struggle

XIONG Zhang-lin (School of Law, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China)

Key words: tobacco control;power;right

Abstract:Choosing the perspective of right and power can clearly show the basic pattern of the half-century struggle of U.S. tobacco control. Firstly, it can be expressed by the development of U.S tobacco litigation in the tight relationship between rights, which mainly discuss whether the tobaccos virulence can be viewed as infringement action; Secondly, it can be expressed by the topic of comprisal and exclusion between tobacco control atnd citizens rights in the tight relationship of right and power, which mainly discusses whether the control violates citizens basic rights; Thirdly, it can be expressed by the change of the Food and Drug Administrations jurisdiction in tobacco control in the tight relationship of powers, which mainly discusses whether the Food and Drug Administrations jurisdiction is legitimate. Experience of the struggle in U.S. tobacco control for our country encompasses doing a true assessment of the possibility and function to operate the tobacco litigation in future, keeping the Law Reservation as a principle in the process of tobacco control in China,and setting an explicit and legal execution organ.

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一、美國烟草管制的立法演进

在美剧《Boston Legal》中被喻为“癌症棒”的香烟,实际上早在1898年田纳西最高法院的判决中便已遭到非议。1只不过,在19世纪末到20世纪初的美国历史中,诸如提升烟草税的管制措施只是政府提高财政收入的掩饰性手段,而并非为了公共健康。[1]此时的多数人认为,对于吸烟的限制措施不宜太过苛刻,否则会损及经济发展。在总体上改变这一现状的公共事件是美国公共卫生局局长1964年发表的第一份《烟害白皮书》。这一结合50年代中期医学研究已经证实吸烟将导致癌症、肺部病变结论的政府行为,直接将先前的“财政收入”目的扭转为“公共健康”,[2]以政府宣言书的形式点燃了美国烟草管制斗争的导火线。……

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