柳丽娜

关键词：民国时期;乡村小学校;乡村私塾;博弈

摘 要：1912至1937年，乡村小学校与乡村私塾并存于乡村社会且相互博弈。一方面，乡村小学校强势进场，政府通过制定奖进、改良、改造乃至直接取缔的政策，压缩私塾在乡村社会的生存空间，乡村私塾遭受到了冲击。另一方面，乡村小学校办理成效不彰，出现乡村学龄儿童进入小学校就学的占比较低，师生人数普遍过少，常有学生缺席学校教育教学活动，乡村小学校办学质量参差不齐等现象，乡村私塾反获乡民优选。乡村小学校与乡村私塾分别作为新式教育和旧式教育的代表，交织与博弈于乡村地区，反映出这一时期乡村教育从传统向现代转型的艰难与复杂。

中图分类号：G40-09文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-2435（2021）04-0150-08

The Competition between Rural Primary Schools and  Private  Schools in the Republic of China （1912—1937）—An Investigation in Anhui Province

LIU Li-na（College of Educational Science，Anhui Normal University，Wuhu Anhui 241000，China）

Key words：Republic of China;rural primary schools;rural private schools;game

Abstract：From 1912 to 1937，rural primary schools and rural private schools coexisted in rural society and competed with each other. On the one hand，rural primary schools entered the rural society strongly，and the government compressed the living space of private schools in rural society by formulating policies of award promotion，improvement，transformation and even direct banning. Thus，rural private schools suffered from impact. On the other hand，the management of rural primary schools was not effective，so the proportion of rural school-age children attending primary schools was relatively low，the number of teachers and students was generally too small，students were often absent from school education and teaching activities，and the quality of rural primary schools was uneven. Rural private schools were preferred by villagers instead. As representatives of new education and old education，rural primary schools and rural private schools interwove and competed with each other in rural areas，vividly demonstrating the difficulty and complexity of the transformation of rural education from traditional to modern in this period.

1912年《普通教育暫行办法》颁布后，小学校逐渐成为国家通过现代学制系统在乡村地区普及初等教育的正式组织机构，其发展程度，能从一定程度上反映初等教育的普及化水平。临时政府、北洋政府、南京国民政府分别通过颁布与小学教育相关的法律法规，不仅从制度上规约着小学教育发展的方向，而且规划着小学校这种现代教育组织的发展。鉴于1912至1937年，乡村小学校多以乡村初级（初等）小学校（1—4年级）为主，本文将乡村小学校界定为设立于乡村地区的初级（初等）小学校。

从研究地域的选取来看，民国时期中国的乡村社会在社会结构、传统文化等方面具有较高的同质性，研究一地乡村社会，可达窥一斑而见全貌的效果。……