關键词：明代;江南;家具;延长型消费

摘 要：通过对出土文物、传世实物、图像和政书方志、文集小令、笔记日记、海外观察等文献的比对、辨析、相互印证，考证、明确了明代江南硬木家具发轫于成、弘时期，迨嘉、隆、万、启、崇等诸朝渐丰，消费高地集中在宁、苏、松、杭、嘉等城市;证实、厘定了正统和主流髹漆镶嵌家具乃有明代一以贯之的礼制纲常、等第序位的物质载体和标志，其纹饰、工艺、耗时、品质耦合集成的表徵、符号、价值，既非用其他材料、工艺的家具可替代，也非其它阶层的常人庶民所能指涉。髹漆家具的主流地位、主导性同硬木家具的后发性、小众化建构的高档家具消费的双重协奏曲，从明末初始异调和变奏余音未绝，由轻趋重，最终演变成以硬木家具为主调的迭代更替;从万、启后的转向迄至清代顺、康、雍、乾诸朝构建的“贵黑不尚黄”体系，凸显了硬木家具渐进式路径、累积型场景的黄金时代;以次而主、由抑渐扬的转向既是朝代更叠之需，也是审美趣味的变化使然。硬木家具延长型消费的高潮，并非出现在早期现代的明朝，而是迟至晚近的清初及近现代。

中图分类号：F129 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-2435（2021）04-0030-11

The Extended Consumption of Jiangnan Furniture in the Ming Dynasty

LIU Sen-lin（Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts， Shanghai University， Shanghai 200444， China）

Key words： Ming Dynasty; Jiangnan; furniture; extended consumption

Abstract： This article compares， distinguishes， and confirms the documents， such as unearthed cultural relics， handed down items， images and local chronicles， corpus， notes diaries， overseas observations， etc. It clarifies that the Jiangnan hardwood furniture in the Ming Dynasty began in the Cheng and Hong periods， until the Jia， Long， Wan， Qi， Tai， Chong and in other periods gradually increased， and the high areas of consumption concentrated in cities such as Ning， Su， Song， Hangzhou and Jia. It also confirms and determines that the orthodox and mainstream lacquer decoration and inlaid furniture were the material carriers and signs of the constant etiquette norms and social status in the Ming Dynasty. The symbols and values of the patterns， craftsmanship， time-consuming， and quality of decorated furniture are not replaceable by other materials and crafted furniture， nor can ordinary people of other status get it. The mainstream and dominant lacquered furniture and the hardwood furniture that is consumed as high-end furniture exist at the same time. It gradually changed from the end of the Ming Dynasty， and finally turned into a new situation with hardwood furniture as the mainstream. The transition from the Wan， Qi periods to the system of “emphasis on black and despise yellow” constructed during the Shun， Kang， Yong， and Qian periods of the Qing Dynasty shows that hardwood furniture has gradually entered the golden age through accumulation. It is not only needed for the change of dynasties， but also driven by the change of aesthetic taste. Therefore， the peak period of extended consumption of hardwood furniture does not appear in the early Ming Dynasty， but the late Qing Dynasty and modern times.

一、问题的发现

近年来学者从髹漆与素漆（髹漆后未施纹饰）、宫廷等层面对明代家具、明式家具进行的分类探究，[1]或从消费维度发散，以追溯历史史实为旨归，彰显了家具研究的新路径、新气象、新成果。如《盛清家具形制流变研究》第四章呈现了历史学……