梁曼恬 黄科 袁怡鸣 毛舒香 吴秋云 王军伟

摘  要：為探明化肥的减施并增施有机肥对甘蓝生长的影响，改善因施用过量化肥导致的蔬菜品质下降、肥料利用率降低和土地盐碱化等问题。本试验在冬闲田种植条件下，以鸡心甘蓝‘探春为试验材料，采用田间小区（100%化肥、75%化肥+25%有机肥、50%化肥+50%有机肥）试验方法研究化肥减量及有机肥增施对甘蓝生长、品质以及土壤状况的影响。结果表明，化肥减量同时增施一定量有机肥对甘蓝产量和生物量无显著影响;随着有机肥施用量的增加，甘蓝横径有显著增加;随着有机肥施用比重的增加，硝酸盐含量逐渐从26.3 mg/kg降至17.7 mg/kg，亚硝酸盐含量从0.86 mg/kg降至0.60 mg/kg;同时土壤放线菌数量显著提高至300.99×104 CFU/g，土壤真菌数量显著降低至149.99×103 CFU/g;减施化肥显著提高了土壤pH（土壤pH提高至7.03），土壤有机质含量无显著变化。可见，有机肥部分替代化肥可满足甘蓝生长过程中对肥料的需求，T50处理的甘蓝能够在化肥减量50%的情况下保持产量与品质不下降，同时提高土壤状况与放线菌数量，是相同条件下冬闲田甘蓝栽培一种稳产合理的施肥模式。

关键词：甘蓝;有机肥;生长生理;土壤养分;土壤肥力

中图分类号：S635      文献标识码：A

Abstract： The study was aimed to investigate the effect of reducing fertilizer application and increasing organic ferti-lizer application on cabbage growth， and to improve the problems of vegetable quality decline， fertilizer utilization rate reduction and soil salinization caused by excessive fertilizer application， etc. Under the condition of winter fallow field planting， taking chicken heart cabbage ‘Tanchun as the test material， the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer increase on cabbage growth， quality and soil condition were studied by field plots （100% chemical fertilizer， 75% chemical fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer， 50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic fertilizer）. The results showed that the reduction of chemical fertilizer and the addition of a certain amount of organic fertilizer had no sig-nificant effect on cabbage yield and biomass. With the increase of organic fertilizer application， the transverse di-ameter of cabbage increased significantly. With the increase of specific gravity of organic fertilizer application， nitrate content gradually decreased from 26.3 mg/kg to 17.7 mg/kg， and nitrite content decreased from 0.86 mg/kg to 0.60 mg/kg. At the same time， the number of soil actinomycetes increased significantly to 300.99×104 CFU/g， and the number of soil fungi decreased significantly to 149.99×103 CFU/g. Reducing fertilizer application significantly in-creased the soil pH value， and the soil pH value increased to 7.03， which had no significant effect on the content of soil organic matter. Partial substitution of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer could meet the demand for fertilizer during cabbage growth. The cabbage treated with T50 could keep the yield and quality unchanged under the condition of 50% reduction of chemical fertilizer and at the same time improve the soil condition and the number of actinomycetes. It is a stable and reasonable fertilization mode for cabbage cultivation in winter fallow fields under the same condi-tions.

Keywords： cabbage; organic fertilizer; growth physiology; soil nutrients; soil fertility

DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2021.05.024

在蔬菜的生产过程中，随着蔬菜栽培面积的不断扩增，化肥的使用量逐年增大，为追求更大的经济效益，蔬菜种植者盲目施用化肥，这导致了蔬菜产量和品质下降，土壤的生产力降低，土壤中各养分比例失调，酸碱失衡[1]。有机肥可以产生多种活性物质，并且该类活性物质能够溶解土壤中的难溶化合物，提升土壤肥力，有机肥具有保水性和长效性，肥效可以持续多年，但存在肥效慢等问题[2-3]。……