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前后路手术对颈椎后纵韧带骨化老年患者的疗效对比及其影响因素

2021-07-14王麒翔于洋

中国现代医生 2021年14期

王麒翔  于洋

[摘要] 目的 比较前后路手术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化老年患者的疗效并分析影响手术效果的因素。 方法 本研究将回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年1月在锦州医科大学附属第一医院行手术治疗的老年后纵韧带骨化患者32例,根据术式的不同分为行前路减压融合术的前路组15例;行后路单开门椎管扩大成形术的后路组17例,采用日本骨科协会评分(Japanese orthopaedic association,JOA)及疼痛数字等级评分(Numerical Rating Scale,NRS)来评估手术疗效,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、并发症情况,分析手术疗效的影响因素。 结果 两组患者手术后JOA评分均明显提高(P<0.01)、术后神经改善率无统计学差异(P>0.05)、术后NRS评分降低(P<0.01),前路组术中出血量少于后路组(P<0.05),但后路组的手術时间较前路组的短(P<0.05),两组间住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术前后路组患者骨化节段数多于前路组(P<0.01),两组的年龄、性别、并发症等方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在两种术式中,男性患者较女性患者术后神经改善率低(P<0.01),术前JOA评分<10分患者较≥10分患者的术后神经改善率低(P<0.01)、术前脊髓高信号患者较无高信号患者术后神经改善率低(P<0.01)。 结论 前路减压融合术与后路单开门椎管扩大成形术对治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化老年患者均能取得满意效果;患者男性、术前JOA低评分、脊髓高信号是导致手术疗效差的影响因素。

[关键词] 颈椎后纵韧带骨化;前路手术;后路手术;手术疗效

[中图分类号] R445          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)14-0084-04

Comparison of the efficacy of anterior and posterior operation in elderly patients with ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament and its influencing factors

WANG Qixiang1   YU Yang2

1.Faculty of Graduate, Jinzhou Medical University, Liaoning, Jinzhou   121000, China; 2.Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Liaoning, Jinzhou   121000, China

[Abstract] Objective To compare the curative effects of anterior and posterior operation for elderly patients with ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), and to analyze the factors affecting the surgical effect. Methods 32 elderly patients with ossification of OPLL who underwent surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University from January 2016 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into the anterior group (anterior cervical decompression and fusion, n=15) and the posterior group (open-door laminoplasty through posterior approach, n=17). Seventeen patients in the posterior group were evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization time and complications were compared between the two groups, and the influencing factors of the operation effect were analyzed. JOA scores of patients in both groups were significantly improved after operation (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the postoperative nerve improvement rate(P>0.05). NRS score decreased after operation(P<0.01). The amount of bleeding in the anterior group was less than that in the posterior group (P<0.05), but the operation time of posterior group was shorter than that of anterior group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in hospital stay between the two groups(P>0.05). The number of ossification segments in posterior group was more than that in anterior group before operation(P<0.01). There was no significant difference in age, gender and complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Among the two operative methods, the postoperative neurological improvement rate of male patients was lower than that of female patients(P<0.01). The neurological improvement rate of patients with preoperative JOA score less than 10 points was lower than that of patients with score ≥10(P<0.01). The neurological improvement rate of patients with high signal intensity of spinal cord before operation was lower than that of patients without high signal intensity after operation(P<0.01). Conclusion Anterior cervical decompression and fusion and open-door laminoplasty through posterior approach can achieve satisfactory results in the treatment of elderly patients with ossification of CPLL. Male patients, low preoperative JOA score and high signal intensity of spinal cord are the influencing factors leading to poor surgical effects.

[Key words] Ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament; Anterior surgery; posterior surgery; Surgical effect

颈椎后纵韧带骨化(Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)是一种病因不明,后纵韧带异常改变压迫后方脊髓及神经根导致出现相应症状的疾病,男性多见[1],主要表现为脊髓型颈椎病的症状,包括出現四肢的肌力下降、皮肤感觉异常、行走时出现踩棉花感。我国上海长征医院通过对7210名退行性颈脊髓病患者的CT观察发现:OPLL的患病率为18.2%,其中男19.73%,女15.65%,好发年龄主要集中70~79岁[2]。对于出现症状且影响日常生活的OPLL患者,手术治疗是十分必要的,前、后路手术是目前临床治疗OPLL的常用术式[3-4],两者均能取得一定的手术疗效,但是老年OPLL患者往往病情较重,手术耐受差,选择哪种术式仍存在争议。本研究将比较前路与后路手术治疗老年OPLL患者的疗效并分析影响手术效果的因素,为临床上治疗老年颈椎OPLL患者术式的选择提供参考。

1 对象与方法

1.1研究对象

选择2016年1月至2020年7月锦州医科大学附属第一医院收治的老年OPLL患者32例,根据手术方式的不同分为前路(15例)、后路(17例)两组,其中前路组男10例,女5例,后路组男11例,女6例,两组患者一般情况资料见表1。纳入标准:(1)2016年1月至2020年1月被诊断为颈椎OPLL并在我院接受手术治疗的患者;(2)随访时间至少半年;(3)无脊椎手术史;(4)无颈椎感染和肿瘤病史;(5)患者年龄≥60周岁;(6)症状由颈椎OPLL压迫脊髓所引起。排除标准:(1)有脊柱既往手术史;(2)有颈椎感染和肿瘤病史;(3)随访时间不满半年;(4)不符合颈椎OPLL症的诊断标准[5];(5)不能准确的获取术后相关数据;(6)其他部位OPLL。(7)患者年龄<60周岁。

1.2 方法

全部手术均由同一主刀医师完成。

1.2.1 前路组  患者麻醉成功后,取仰卧位,消毒铺巾,沿前路颈部横纹逐层切开,对受压节段实施减压,扩大减压直达骨化灶,直视下用咬骨钳将骨化灶咬除,四周充分游离,后行自体髂骨或钛网融合及钢板固定,清洗伤口,放置引流管,逐层缝合切口。

1.2.2 后路组  患者麻醉成功后,取俯卧位,消毒铺巾,沿颈后路正中纵向切口逐层切开,暴露C3~C7关节突与椎板交界处,选择脊髓受压严重侧“开门”,用超声骨刀沿小关节内侧缘切开椎板全层,将对侧相节段作为门轴侧,保留内层皮质骨,掀开椎板后清除粘连部分,在开门侧用钛板固定,清洗伤口,放置引流管,逐层缝合切口。

1.3 观察指标

(1)比较两组患者的年龄、性别、骨化物范围情况。(2)比较两组患者的手术时间、出血量、并发症、手术前后NRS[6](疼痛数字等级评分:将患者疼痛程度用0~10数字表示,由患者自行选择疼痛数字,0代表无痛,10代表生不如死的疼痛)、JOA(根据患者的四肢、躯干感觉运动功能及膀胱功能对患者进行评分,最低分为0,最高分为17,评分越高代表患者神经功能越好)评分,并计算末次随访神经改善率(%)=(末次随访JOA评分-术前JOA评分)/(17-术前JOA评分)×100%[7]。(3)分析手术疗效的影响因素。

1.4 统计学分析

所有数据均使用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计量资料采用t检验。计数资料采用χ2检验。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 围手术期情况

两组患者均顺利完成手术,前路组术中出血量少于后路组(P<0.05),但手术时间较后路组长(P<0.05);两组间住院时间无统计学差异(P>0.05),前路组中并发脑脊液漏2例,C5神经根麻痹3例,后路组中并发切口感染2例,脑脊液漏3例,C5神经根麻痹1例,两组间并发症发生情况比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。

2.2随访情况

两组患者末次随访时较手术前JOA评分均明显提高(P<0.01),NRS评分较手术前下降(P<0.05),疼痛得以缓解,两组间术前、末次随访时JOA评分、NRS疼痛评分及神经改善率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两种术式均能取得良好的疗效。

2.3手术疗效影响因素

分别分析患者性别、年龄、术前JOA评分及术前是否有脊髓高信号对术后神经功能改善率的影响,以此来推测影响手术疗效的影响因素。老年男性患者较女性患者改善率低(P<0.01);术前JOA评分越低的老年患者术后神经功能改善率越低(P<0.01);术前脊髓高信号术后改善率差(P<0.01);患者年龄对术后神经功能影响无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

3 讨论

目前对于治疗有症状颈椎OPLL的术式选择仍然存在较大争议,但实际临床工作中后入路较前入路运用更多,这可能与后入路术式疗效确切,操作相对简单安全,临床医生更容易学习有关。后路手术虽不能切除骨化灶达到直接减压的目的,但其在扩大椎管的同时保留了椎管后方结构,维持了脊柱的稳定性并且保留部分活动度。Nakashima等[8]对101名行单开门椎管扩大成形术的颈椎OPLL患者做了回顾性分析,发现术后10年内需要再次手术的风险百分比为1%,再手术主要原因是因为骨化物继续增大。Lee等[9]对11篇文献进行荟萃分析,共纳入行椎管成形术的颈椎OPLL患者429例,其中术后骨化进展率为62.5%,术后2年再次出现神经根症状概率为8.3%,随着时间的推移,OPLL会继续发展,手术效果会越来越差。后路手术的临床疗效是确切的,但有OPLL继续进展的风险,对于年轻的颈椎OPLL患者不建议行该术式,以后可能因为骨化物增大导致需要再次手术。

前路手术优点是可以直接解除来自脊髓前方的压迫;手术创口小,出血量少;有利于维持颈椎生理曲度,并且能恢复椎间隙高度,减轻神经根症状,但是其操作相对复杂,医生学习曲线长。Yudoyono等[10]在对913例颈椎OPLL患者进行回顾性研究后发现前路手术较后路具有更高的并发症发生率,虽然前路手术较后路并发症发生率高,但是后路手术具有更高的手术切口感染率[11]。本研究发现两者并发症之间无统计学差异,这可能是因为样本量过少导致的。有学者建议对于椎管占位率≥50%或骨化范围小的患者应首选前路手术[12-13],这与本研究的观点相吻合,也有学者建议当椎管占位率≥60%时选择前路手术[14]。Moon等[15]在对前路与后路手术治疗颈椎OPLL的长短期疗效比较的研究中得出,前路术式可提供更好的长期(>48个月)疗效。有文献报道一名行前路手术的颈椎OPLL患者,术后1年影像学检查未发现OPLL,但在第2年发现新发OPLL并伴有神经根症状,期间再次行前后路手术,症状好转[16],说明前路手术在将骨化物已切除干净的情况下仍有复发可能,但毕竟这种情况报道较少,仍然建议年轻颈椎OPLL患者在有条件的情况下首选前路手术。

综上所述,前路减压融合术与后路单开门椎管扩大成形术对治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化老年患者均能取得满意效果,前路减压融合术出血量相对较少,更适用于骨化节段少的老年OPLL患者,但手术难度较大,手术时间长;后路单开门椎管扩大成形术手术时间短,操作相对简单,更适用于骨化节段多的老年OPLL患者,但术中出血量较多;男性患者、术前JOA低评分、脊髓高信号是导致手术疗效差的影响因素。老年OPLL患者往往具有病情较重,手术耐受差等特点,在能耐受手术的情况下,建议首选后路手术。本研究因纳入的样本量有限,具有一定的局限性,还待以后并大样本量进一步研究。

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(收稿日期:2020-11-12)