孔维丽 郭家稳 刘芹 齐曼 崔筱 李亚楠 高玉千 邱立友 张玉亭

摘 要：為建立平菇培养料发酵度的判定指标，选用以粉碎玉米芯小粒、中粒和大粒为主要原料配制的平菇培养料，分析了发酵过程中含水量、pH值和总碳、总氮、水溶性有机碳（DOC）、氨含量以及杂菌抑制物质含量的变化，以及栽培平菇的生产特性。结果表明，发酵过程中，3种培养料的pH值先降后升，含水量、总碳含量、C/N和DOC含量降低，氨含量先升后降，总氮升高。发酵结束，小粒DOC含量低于大粒，而氨含量和杂菌抑制物质含量高于大粒。培养料粒径越小，栽培平菇发菌期料温越低、染菌率越低、生物学效率越高。因此，发酵料栽培平菇宜采用小粒的粉碎玉米芯，发酵结束发酵料含水量为60%～67%、pH值为8.0～8.6、DOC（w）以低于12 g·kg-1和氨含量（ρ）为发酵料渗出液中以氨检测试纸条测定值低于1 350 mg·L-1为宜。

关键词：平菇;发酵料;发酵度;水溶性有机碳;氨含量

中图分类号：S646.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1673-2871（2021）02-054-007

Establishment of the fast determination index for the compost degree of oyster mushroom substrate

KONG Weili1， GUO Jiawen2， LIU Qin1， QI Man2， CUI Xiao1， LI Yanan2， GAO Yuqian2， QIU Liyou2， ZHANG Yuting1

（1. Institute of Plant Nutrition， Agricultural Resources and Environmental Science， Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Zhengzhou 450002， Henan， China; 2. College of Sciences， Henan Agricultural University， Zhengzhou， 450002， China）

Abstract： To establish an index system for determining the compost degree of the oyster mushroom（Pleurotus ostreatus）composted substrate， the water content， pH value， total carbon， total nitrogen， water-soluble organic carbon（DOC）， ammonia content and the content of harmful microorganisms inhibiting substances of the oyster mushroom substrate prepared with the small， medium and large particles of the crushed corncob as the main raw materials were we analyzed during composting process. Furthermore， the production characteristics of the composted substrates were determined. During the composting process， the water content， total carbon and C/N of the three substrates gradually decreased， the pH value earlier decreased rapidly and then increased slightly， while the ammonia content earlier increased fast and then decreased markedly， the total nitrogen of the medium and large particles substrates earlier remained unchanged and then increased， whereas the small particles substrate kept increasing. The results of ammonia contents by ammonia test strip method and ammonia test kit method were significantly correlated. At the end of compost， the DOC content in the small particles substrate was significantly lower than that of the large particles substrate， but the ammonia content and the content of harmful microorganisms inhibiting substances in the small particles substrate were significantly higher than those of the large particles substrate. The smaller the particle sizes of the substrates， the lower the substrate temperature during the mushroom mycelia growth period， the lower the infection rate and the higher the biological efficiency. Therefore， it is advisable to use small crushed corn cobs to cultivate oyster mushrooms with composted substrates. The water content of the composted substrates is 60%-67%， the pH value is 8.0-8.6， and the DOC （w） should be less than 12 g·kg-1 （ρ） and ammonia content in the compost exudate should be less than 1 350 mg.L-1 at the end of the composting process.

Key words： Pleurotus ostreatus; Composted substrate; Compost degree; Soluble organic carbon; Ammonia content

平菇是深受消费者喜爱的食用菌，栽培技术简便、生产周期短、产量高，是利用农业废弃物生产食物的优良食用菌种类，目前在我国和世界食用菌总产量中排第3位。然而，平菇和其他食用菌培养料灭菌燃煤造成的空气污染与清洁空气环保要求的矛盾日益突出，影响了平菇和其他食用菌的可持续健康发展。为适应新的形势，平菇发酵料栽培新技术越来越受到重视[1-2]。

平菇发酵料栽培新技术即是将平菇培养料先进行堆制高温发酵，杀死培养料中不耐高温的病原菌和虫卵等。……