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宋代朱克柔缂丝研究

2021-05-18贺天姿

上海工艺美术 2021年1期
关键词:文化

贺天姿

Chinas silk reeling technology has a long history, comprehensively researching the historical literature to study the style combination of Zhu Kerous silk works in the Song Dynasty and the economic and political features of its era. Judging from the social status of women and the mainstream consumers, they judge the characteristics of the times in which Zhu Kerou is in the silk. The author analyzes the artistic characteristics of Zhu Kerous existing silk paintings one by one, combines the characteristics of Chinese meticulous paintings, compares the treatment of Zhu Kerous details, and analyzes the reasons for the formation of his artistic style from the perspective of the development of woven techniques. The work of Zhu Kerous silk works is determined by the social and historical conditions, and her painting foundation and woven techniques specifically determine the rigor of her silk works.

中國缂丝工艺历史悠久、技艺精湛,是丝织品历史中不可忽视的重要组成部分。从唐代到清代,人们对丝织品的鉴赏、推崇程度与使用范围都有强烈的时代特点,其不同的民族性主导着缂丝图案和用途略有不同。到了宋代,政治、经济和文化重心南迁,长江三角洲地区慢慢发展成最富裕的区域,缂丝工艺也从北方发展到南方的苏淞地区,并作为一种丝织与绘画融合的艺术得到了迅速发展,得到上流社会的推崇,产生了缂制书画的高档艺术品,出现了大量艺术水平极高的缂丝能手。然而缂丝书画多以名画为底稿,对丝织要求细腻繁琐,故缂丝以小梭细工慢缂,耗时长、工艺要求严谨,存世精品十分稀少。正如庄绰的《鸡肋篇》有云:

“定州织刻丝,不用大机,以熟色丝经於木棦上,随所欲作花草禽兽状。以小梭织纬时,先留其处,方以杂色线缀於经纬之上,合以成文,若不相连,承空视之,如雕镂之象,故名刻丝。如妇人一衣,终岁可就。虽作百花,使不相类亦可,盖纬线非通梭所织也。”

南宋缂丝,其中以朱克柔最为出色。朱克柔大约生活于两宋之交,虽身为女性却颇有抱负,据说宋徽宗在朱克柔已失传的“碧桃蝶雀图”上题诗:

“雀踏花枝出素纨,曾闻人说刻(缂)丝难,要知应是宣和物,莫作寻常黹绣看。”

宋徽宗对朱克柔缂丝的赞美,是出于对朱克柔缂丝技法的认可。朱克柔的作品以梭代笔,独创长短戗法,景象刻画生动细腻,作品在绘画史和纺织工艺史上均得到了极高的评价,或更胜于书画原作。……

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