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伴有CEBPA双位点突变的急性髓系白血病临床特征及预后分析

2021-04-06章俏雷江锦红刘永华王晓丽江妤叶琇锦方炳木

中国现代医生 2021年4期
关键词:临床特征

章俏雷 江锦红 刘永华 王晓丽 江妤 叶琇锦 方炳木

[摘要] 目的 分析伴有CEBPA雙位点突变的急性髓系白血病(AML)的临床特征及预后。 方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年5月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院及丽水市人民医院血液科连续收治的AML(非M3)患者1030例,其中CEBPA双位点突变AML共75例为试验组,非CEBPA双位点突变AML共955例为对照组。比较两组患者的临床特征及预后差异。 结果 试验组AML患者FAB分型中M4比例明显高于对照组(P=0.004);试验组初诊PLT水平低于对照组(P=0.041);试验组预后中等染色体核型比例明显高于对照组(P=0.001);试验组CD7抗原阳性比例明显高于对照组(P<0.001);试验组患者早期死亡率为4.00%,低于对照组患者的13.10%(P=0.022),其预计5年总生存(OS)率明显高于对照组(57.33% vs. 30.99%,P<0.001);试验组中多因素分析显示,年龄≥60岁、HGB<88.75 g/L和不良染色体核型是预后不良的独立危险因素。 结论 试验组AML患者因有较低的早期死亡率,其预后明显优于对照组患者;年龄≥60岁、HGB<88.75 g/L和不良染色体核型是CEBPA双位点突变AML患者预后不良的独立危险因素。

[关键词] CEBPA双位点突变;急性髓系白血病;临床特征;预后

[中图分类号] R733.7          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)04-0042-04

Clinical features and prognostic analysis of acute myeloid leukemia with double CEBPA mutations

ZHANG Qiaolei1   JIANG Jinhong1   LIU Yonghua1   WANG Xiaoli1   JIANG Yu1   YE Xiujin2   FANG Bingmu1

1.The Sixth Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal People′s Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Lishui   323000, China; 2.The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou   310003,China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical features and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia(AML) with double CEBPA mutations. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on 1030 consecutive AML(non-M3) patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and the hematology department of Lishui Municipal People′s Hospital from January 2013 to May 2019, of which CEBPA double-site mutant AML(n=75) were the experimental group and non-CEBPA double-site mutant AML(n=955) were the control group. The clinical features and prognostic analysis of the two groups were compared. Results The proportion of M4 in FAB typing of AML patients in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P=0.004). The PLT level in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(P=0.041). The proportion of moderate chromosome karyotype in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P=0.001). The positive rate of CD7 antigen in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.001). The early mortality rate of the patients in the experimental group was 4.00%, which was lower than that of the control group (13.10%) (P=0.022), and its estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was significantly higher than that of the control group (57.33% vs 30.99%, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis in the experimental group showed that age ≥60 years old, HGB<88.75 g/L and poor karyotype were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Conclusion The prognosis of AML patients in the experimental group is obviously better than that in the control group due to their lower early mortality rate. Age≥60 years old, HGB<88.75 g/L and poor chromosome karyotype are independent risk factors for poor prognosis of CEBPA double site mutant AML patients.

[Key words] Double CEBPA mutations; Acute myeloid leukemia; Clinical features; Prognosis

急性髓系白血病(Acute myeloid leukemia,AML)是一组高度异质性血液系统恶性肿瘤[1-5]。核型异常是AML—个重要的预后标志。尽管如此,约有50%的AML患者缺少特征性的染色体标志物,而这些患者对治疗的反应具有很大的差异[6]。AML患者伴CEBPA基因突变是AML中很大的一个亚型,占AML患者的10%~25%[7-9]。CEBPA基因定位于染色体19q13.1,cDNA全长2385 bp。CEBPA蛋白是维持造血系统粒系分化的重要转录因子,在调节细胞增殖与分化的平衡中起着关键的作用。CEBPA基因突变可分为单突变和双突变这两大类型,CEBPA基因双突变是AML患者预后良好的分子标志[10-12]。国内绝大多数有关AML患者CEBPA基因突变研究样本量均较小且无长期预后数据[13-14]。为此,本研究回顾性分析了1030例初诊AML(非APL)患者的临床资料,以探讨初诊CEBPA基因双突变AML患者的临床特征及预后,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

2013年1月至2019年5月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院及丽水市人民医院血液科共收治1030例初诊AML(非APL)患者。诊断均符合WHO(2001)MICM分型诊断标准。CEBPA基因双突变患者为试验组,CEBPA基因单突变或无突变患者为对照组。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 免疫表型、细胞遗传学及分子生物学检查  采用美国贝克曼库尔特公司EPICS-XL型流式细胞仪采集数据。采用直接法和(或)短期培养法常规制备染色体标本,按照《人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制(ISCN 2009)》进行染色体核型分析。采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增产物片段长度分析及序列分析方法进行相关基因突变检测。

1.2.2 治疗方案  诱导方案包括:大部分患者采用IA方案(去甲氧基柔红霉素+阿糖胞苷)或HA方案(高三尖杉酯碱+阿糖胞苷),部分老年患者采用CAG方案(G-csf+阿糖胞苷+阿克拉霉素);获得CR患者继续原方案巩固治疗1疗程,而后行大剂量或中剂量阿糖胞苷巩固治疗3~4 疗程,少部分患者亦行DA或MA等方案巩固治疗。

1.2.3 诱导治疗期间支持治疗  每天检测凝血功能、血常规,每周检查2次生化常规。酌情输注成份血。

1.3 观察指标

所有病例根据FAB标准确诊,对于是否缓解的评价在2個足量联合化疗疗程后进行;早期死亡为确诊后2周内经化疗或未经化疗的死亡;总生存(OS)时间为从疾病确诊起至患者任何原因的死亡或随访截止日期[15]。随访时间截止于2019年5月。

1.4 统计学处理

采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据分析。两组间率的比较采用χ2检验和Fisher确切概率检验,单因素分析P<0.05的因素纳入Logistic模型进行多因素分析。OS采用Kaplan-Meier法分析并进行Log-rank检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者一般临床特征及预后比较

试验组患者75例(7.28%),对照组患者955例,两组性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组FAB分型最多见的是M2(50.67%);与对照组患者比较,试验组患者初诊时具有M4比例低(P=0.004)、PLT水平低(P=0.041)、CD7抗原表达比例高(P<0.001)、预后中等核型比例高(P=0.001)、c-kit阳性比例高(P=0.040)、DNMT3A阳性比例高(P=0.017);而两组年龄、WBC、HGB指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

2.2 治疗反应

试验组完全缓解(CR)率与对照组CR率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

2.3 生存分析

1030例AML患者中位随访25(0~76)个月。至诱导治疗结束共有128例发生早期死亡,试验组早期死亡率低于对照组[3(4.00) vs. 125(13.10),P=0.022];至随访截止,44例试验组患者存活,明显高于对照组[44(58.67) vs. 344(36.00)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示预计5年总生存(OS)率,试验组明显高于对照组[43(57.33) vs. 296(30.99)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见表1及图1。

2.4 试验组相关预后因素

分析比较试验组患者诊断时的疾病特征(年龄、WBC、HGB、骨髓原始细胞数、CD7、FLT3-iTD、NPM1、染色体核型)与预后的关系,结果显示,年龄≥60岁(OR=3.256,95%CI 1.419~7.471,P=0.005)、初诊HGB<88.75 g/L(OR=5.416,95%CI 2.182~13.438,P=0.001)及不良染色体核型(OR=2.180,95%CI 1.142~4.164,P=0.018)为试验组患者预后不良的独立危险因素。见表2。

3 讨论

急性髓系白血病是一组异质性的疾病,精细的分层对提高治疗疗效具有十分重要的作用。从分子学角度分析AML伴CEBPA双位点突变被认为是低危组[10-12]。关于CEBPA基因双突变的AML患者的临床特点及相关预后研究,目前国内尚无大宗病例报道。本研究试图探讨伴CEBPA双位点突变AML患者的临床特征及预后因素,以探索临床个体化治疗策略,进一步提高该类患者的长期生存率。

本研究中CEBPA基因双突变阳性率为7.28%,与相关报道相近[9,16-18],低于其他报道的22.0%~25.6%[9,19]。有研究发现,CEBPA双突变多集中在FAB的M1和M2型[20-21],患者年龄较年轻[20,22-23],血小板计数较低[17,22,24]。本研究结果显示,试验组患者多集中在M2、M5型,中位年龄低于对照组,血小板计数较低。

CEBPA基因突变患者有独特的免疫表型,其CD7、CD15、CD34、CD65高表达[23-25]。在本研究中,试验组CD7抗原阳性比例明顯高于对照组(P<0.001)。CD7抗原为一单链糖蛋白,与AML不良的预后结果相关[26-28]。但在多因素分析中,发现CD7抗原表达并不是CEBPA双突变AML患者的独立预后危险因素。

有研究发现,在CEBPA双突变的患者中很少发生NPM1突变和FLT3-ITD突变[23]。国内吴继颖等[17]研究6例CEBPA基因突变AML患者,其中3例CEBPA双突变的患者有1例合并FLT3-ITD突变。国外也有研究者发现在CEBPA双突变的患者中几乎不发生FLT3-ITD突变[23]。本研究结果显示,试验组患者中仅2例合并NPM1突变,6例合并FLT3-ITD突变。本研究认为国内外的这种不同可能是人种差异造成的。

CEBPA的突变主要集中在正常核型及9q-的AML患者中[23-24,29-30]。本研究中,试验组预后中等核型比例明显高于对照组(P=0.001),而预后中等核型中大部分是正常核型。值得注意的是,许多文献证实CEBPA基因突变几乎不发生在伴t(8;21)、inv(16)和t(15;17)这些预后相对较好的AML患者中[20-21]。另外,除正常核型和9q-患者外,CEBPA基因突变患者还可以出现inv(16)(p13;q22)、+13、+8、+21、11q23等染色体异常及复杂核型[14,28],本研究也证实了这一点。

国外研究报道,CEBPA双突变AML患者CR率达到90%~92%[20,22]。本研究显实,试验组CR率为73.33%,与对照组相比差异无统计学意义。推测国内AML患者CR率较国外报道低的现象可能与亚洲人种及就诊延迟有关。大量研究发现,CEBPA双突变是AML患者独立的预后良好因素[20,22-23]。本研究中,试验组5年OS达到57.33%,明显高于对照组的30.99%。由此可见,CEBPA双突变对AML患者CR率影响不大,但对OS影响明显。进一步对试验组的预后相关危险因素进行分析,提示在CEBPA双突变AML患者中,年龄≥60岁、初诊HGB<88.75 g/L及不良染色体核型是预后的独立危险因素。研究显示,年龄≥60岁[31]、不良染色体核型[32]均是AML患者预后独立危险因素。

综上所述,伴CEBPA双突变AML患者有较低的早期死亡率,预后明显较非CEBPA双突变AML患者好。对于年龄≥60岁、初诊HGB<88.75 g/L及不良染色体核型的伴CEBPA双突变AML患者,应制定个体化的治疗以提高患者的长期生存率。

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(收稿日期:2020-06-12)

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