西瓜甜瓜生产关键环节机械化现状、存在问题及发展建议
2021-01-13王果刘德江陈晓张晓龚艳
王果 刘德江 陈晓 张晓 龚艳
摘 要: 我国西瓜甜瓜生产机械化起步晚、机械化程度低,生产效率低下,“机器换人”已成为西瓜甜瓜生产节本、提质、增效的必然需求。分析比较了国内外西瓜甜瓜生产中移栽、播种、施肥及病虫害防治等环节的机械化装备发展现状,指出目前国内西瓜甜瓜生产机械化存在的不足与短板,建议从改进规模化种植,强化产、学、研合作,加强农机农艺融合等方面提升我国西瓜甜瓜生产机械化水平,为西瓜甜瓜生产机械装备研发和应用提供参考。
关键词: 西瓜; 甜瓜; 机械化生产; 现状; 问题; 建议
中图分类号: S233.75+S651+S652 文献标志码: B 文章编号: 1673-2871(2021)12-118-07
Abstract: Due to the late beginning, low-level and poor efficiency of the mechanization of watermelon and melon production in China. “machine instead of manpower” has become an inevitable demand for cost saving, quality improvement, and efficiency increase in watermelon and melon production. In this paper, the development status of mechanization between domestic and abroad was analyzed and compared during the period of transplanting, sowing, fertilizing and pesticide application of watermelon and melon production. The shortage and disadvantage of mechanization in watermelon and melon production in China was indicated. Then, the advices of improving planting scale, strengthening Industry-University-Research Cooperation, reinforcing agricultural machinery and agronomy integration were proposed in order to promote the mechanization level of watermelon and melon production in China, and furthermore, to provide reference for the development and application of producing device of watermelon and melon.
Key words: Watermelon; Melon; Mechanized production; Current status; Problem; Suggestion
西瓜甜瓜產业作为劳动密集型产业,一直以来存在生产用工多、劳动强度大、机械化程度低等问题。国家统计数据显示,截至2019年,我国西瓜甜瓜总种植面积达193万hm2,占全年农作物总种植面积的1.1%,单位面积产量已达75.52 t·hm-2[1-2]。尽管我国农作物耕种收综合机械化率已达69%,主要粮食作物更是达到80%,但是西瓜甜瓜的耕种收综合机械化率仍然处于较低水平,仅为20%~30%[3-4]。目前已在西瓜甜瓜生产中大面积推广应用的主要为耕整地、植保、水肥一体化等通用型机械,而起垄、播种、移栽等环节因缺乏与西瓜甜瓜种植农艺要求相配套的专用机械,仍主要依赖于人工。人工作业不仅难以保证作业质量,并且无法满足规模化生产需求,尤其是随着我国农业“用工难”“用工贵”问题日益突出,西瓜甜瓜生产的经济效益不断下降,限制了西瓜甜瓜产业发展,“机器换人”已成为西瓜甜瓜生产节本、提质、增效的必然需求。……
