张景焕

( 山东师范大学 心理学院，山东 济南，250014 )

1 问题提出

创造性问题解决是一种高级的、复杂的综合性创造活动，是以新颖而有效的方法对问题进行创造性的解答。(1)Christiaans H. H., “Creativity as a design criterion”, Communication Research Journal, Vol.14, No.1, 2002, pp.41-54; Scherer R. and Gustafsson J. E., “The relations among openness, perseverance, and performance in creative problem solving: A substantive-methodological approach”, Thinking Skills and Creativity, Vol.18, 2015, pp.4-17.创造性问题解决贯穿于人们现实工作和生活的各个领域，真实情境下解决问题的能力能够帮助个体在复杂环境中迅速脱颖而出。(2)Greiff S., Holt D. V. and Funke J., “Perspectives on problem solving in educational assessment: Analytical, interactive, and collaborative problem solving”, The Journal of Problem Solving, Vol.5, No.2, 2013, pp.71-91; Molnár G., Greiff S. and Csapó B., “Inductive reasoning, domain specific and complex problem solving: Relations and development”, Thinking Skills and Creativity, Vol.9, 2013, pp.35-45.大学生的问题解决能力是人们普遍关注的问题，以往以大学生为被试的研究多从顿悟、原型启发等聚合思维角度考察大学生的创造性问题解决能力。(3)曹贵康等：《顿悟问题解决的原型事件激活：自动还是控制》，《心理科学》2006年第5期；田燕等：《原型表征对创造性问题解决过程中的启发效应的影响》，《心理学报》 2011年第6期。然而，发散思维也是问题解决的重要方面，甚至是其核心因素。(4)Guilford J. P., “Creativity”, American Psychologist, Vol.5, 1950, pp.444-454; Basadur M. and Hausdorf P.A., “Measuring divergent thinking attitudes related to creative problem solving and innovation management”, Creativity Research Journal, Vol.9, No.1, 1996, pp.21-32; Dumas D., Schmidt L. C. and Alexander P. A., “Predicting creative problem solving in engineering design”, Thinking Skills and Creativity, Vol.21, 2016, pp.50-66.从发散思维的角度研究大学生创造性问题解决的特点及其影响因素，对于大学生创造力的培养是非常重要的。

人格对创造力变异的解释高达20%，是产生创造力的性格来源。(5)Sternberg R. J. and Lubart T. I., eds., Defying the crowd, cultivating creativity in a culture of conforming, New York: Free Press, 1995; Feist G. J. and Barron F. X., “Predicting creativity from early to late adulthood: intellect, potential, and personality”, Journal of Research in Personality, Vol.37, No.2, 2003, pp.62-88.在人格对创造力影响的研究中，大五人格受到广泛重视(6)Kandler C., Riemann R., Angleitner A., Spinath F. M., Borkenau P. and Penke, L., “The Nature of Creativity: The Roles of Genetic Factors: Personality Traits, Cognitive Abilities, and Environmental Sources”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.111, No.2, 2016, pp.230-249; Kaufman S. B., Quilty L. C., Grazioplen R. G., Hirsh J. B., Gray J. R, Peterson J. B. and DeYong C. G., “Openness to Experience and Intellect Differentially Predict Creative Achievement in the Arts and Sciences”, Journal of Personality, Vol.84, No.2, 2016, pp.248-258; Puryear J. S., Kettler T. and Rinn A. N., “Relationships of personality to differential conceptions of creativity: a systematic review”, Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, Vol.11, No.1, 2017, pp.59-68.，但具体到大五人格与创造性问题解决的研究却相对缺乏。以往的研究证明，大五人格中的开放性和尽责性对科学和艺术创造力的解释效果量最大。(7)Feist G. J., “A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol.2, No.4, 1998, pp.290-309.在搜集有关文献的基础上，本研究选取大五人格中与日常生活问题解决关系最为密切的开放性和尽责性为预测变量，探讨这两种人格特征与创造性问题解决之间的关系。已有研究发现，开放性是产生创造力最为基础的核心特质。……