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针灸治疗变应性鼻炎的作用机制

2020-05-25彭拥军蒋星卓李文倩吴旭朱冰梅

中国医药导报 2020年12期
关键词:变应性鼻炎免疫调节针灸

彭拥军 蒋星卓 李文倩 吴旭 朱冰梅

[摘要] 变应性鼻炎(AR)是机体接触过敏原后,主要由免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导的一种常见的变态反应性疾病。针灸作为治疗AR的一种常见疗法,具有安全、有效、副作用小等优势。本文通过文献检索,回顾、总结及探讨AR的发病机制和针灸治疗作用机制的研究进展。研究显示AR的发生主要和免疫、神经功能紊乱及鼻黏膜炎性细胞浸润有关,而针灸可通过免疫调节、神经调节、降低IgE、减少鼻黏膜炎性浸润等途径发挥治疗作用。同时指出目前研究中的问题和不足,为进一步研究提供思路。

[关键词] 变应性鼻炎;针灸;免疫调节;神经调节

[中图分类号] R765.2          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)04(c)-0061-04

Mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of allergic rhinitis

PENG Yongjun1   JIANG Xingzhuo1   LI Wenqian1   WU Xu1   ZHU Bingmei2

1.Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing   210029, China; 2.Center for Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu   610041, China

[Abstract] Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) when body is exposed to allergens. Acupuncture, as a common treatment for AR, has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, and few side effects. This review summarized and discussed the progress of the pathogenesis of AR and the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment by retrieving relevant literatures in recent years. The mechanisms underlying AR are complex, including immunity disorder, nerve dysfunction, and nasal mucosal inflammatory cell infiltration. The studies showed that acupuncture can play a therapeutic role through immunoregulation, neuromodulation, decreasing IgE, and reducing nasal mucosal inflammatory infiltration. Also, the review pointed out some problems and shortcomings in the current research, and provided ideas for further study.

[Key words] Allergic rhinitis; Acupuncture; Immunomodulation; Neuromodulation

變应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是机体接触变应原后主要由免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin E,IgE)介导,以及多种炎症介质、细胞因子参与的鼻黏膜非感染性慢性炎症性疾病,以突然和反复发作的鼻痒、喷嚏、鼻塞、流涕等为特征的一种常见病[1]。随着中国经济的发展、人民生活方式的改变,AR患病率明显上升[2],一项针对中国成年人6年期间自我报告AR的调查显示,成人AR的患病率从2005年的11.1%增加到2011年的17.6%[3]。AR通常伴随患者终生,成为影响人们生活质量的一大难题,对个人及社会医疗资源都造成明显负担[4]。目前其常见疗法包括鼻内糖皮质激素、抗组胺药、抗白三烯药,过敏原免疫疗法及手术疗法[5]。美国头颈外科杂志发表的2015新版AR临床指南中首次提出针灸疗法可作为AR治疗方案之一[6]。2018年,中国第一版英文AR诊疗指南中也将针灸疗法纳入推荐治疗方案[7]。相较于西药副作用多、易反复、免疫疗法疗程长、费用高、可诱发严重过敏反应,手术创伤大、费用高等弊端,针灸具有经济、副作用少、远期疗效佳等优势[8]。本文主要探讨AR的发病机制和针灸治疗作用机制。

1 AR的发病机制

1.1 免疫功能紊乱

从免疫学角度,AR的发病可分为致敏和激发两个阶段。致敏阶段是指过敏原进入鼻腔,通过其蛋白酶活性进入抗原递呈细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC),激活上皮细胞,活化的鼻上皮细胞分泌胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP),白细胞介素-33(Interleukin-33,IL-33)等辅助型T细胞2(T helper 2 cell,Th2)诱导细胞因子,触发Th2型变应性炎症;树状突细胞和巨噬细胞识别并吞噬过敏原,发育成熟并迁移至引流淋巴结,将抗原呈递给幼稚T细胞,使之优先向Th2细胞分化[9];同时诱导B细胞同种型转化为特异性IgE并促进肥大细胞(mast cell,MC)和嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophil,EOS)的增殖,产生的抗原特异性IgE则与MC和嗜碱性粒细胞上的高亲和力IgE受体FcεRI结合,使这些细胞对过敏原致感[10]。激发阶段是指过敏原再次进入鼻腔后,被免疫系统识别从而激发出过敏性鼻炎的相应症状。此阶段可分为早期和晚期反应。早期为速发型超敏反应,在与过敏原接触的数分钟内,通过IgE-抗原相互作用被激活的MC释放炎症化学介质组胺、前列腺素和白三烯[11],以及细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-4、IL-5等,在过敏性炎症中发挥重要作用。晚期反应发生于接触过敏原4~6 h后,早期释放的细胞因子可激活内皮细胞,增加黏附分子表达,促进EOS的募集,渗透到鼻黏膜。此外MC释放的类靡蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶等激活基质金属蛋白酶,使组织基质蛋白降解而造成组织损伤[12]。

3 小結

目前已有大量研究显示了针灸治疗AR的确切疗效,且基本得到国内外的认可。而关于AR发病机制和针刺治疗该病的作用机制研究也日益增多,经综合分析,针灸治疗AR主要通过调节免疫——神经系统,使其恢复平衡,发挥抗炎作用,减轻鼻黏膜炎性浸润,从而缓解症状。但AR作为针灸的优势病种,国内对其的研究尚处于起步阶段,存在研究范围小、样本量少、低水平重复、缺乏规范等问题。随着对AR发病机制认识的深入,探索针灸治疗过敏性鼻炎的网络式作用机制是未来研究的主要目的和方向。

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(收稿日期:2019-11-19  本文编辑:封   华)

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