Yong Zhou,Zheng-Yun Chen,Xin-Mei Zhang

Yong Zhou,Zheng-Yun Chen,Xin-Mei Zhang,Department of Gynecology,Women's Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou 310006,Zhejiang Province,China

Abstract

Key words: Cystic adenomyosis;Dysmenorrhea;Levonorgestrel containing intrauterine device;Myomectomy;Case report

INTRODUCTION

Adenomyosis is a benign proliferative disease characterized by the contiguous spread of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma deep within the myometrium.A large cystic lesion,termed as a cystic adenomyosis,is an extremely rare form of adenomyosis with extensive secretory changes and haemorrhage that develops a cystic cavity more than 1 cm in diameter[1,2].Cystic adenomyosis filled with chocolate-coloured blood always causes severe dysmenorrhea with a marginal response to drug therapy and surgical treatment is always recommended[3].We present an unusual case of a giant exophytic cystic adenomyosis with a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD)out of the uterine cavity after uterine myomectomy.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 45-year-old married woman (gravida 1,para 1) presented with abnormal uterine bleeding for 6 years after myomectomy and progressive dysmenorrhea for 2 years.

History of present illness

The patient previously underwent laparoscopic myomectomy at our hospital 6 years ago.In her first menses after surgery,the menstrual period lasted approximately 12 d,which was longer than her previous period of 7 d.The patient's menstrual volume and pattern in the previous 7 d were the same as those before the operation,and then mild bleeding continued for approximately 5 d.The menstrual cycle showed no obvious change when compared to that before myomectomy.There had been no abdominal pain or uncomfortable symptoms since the surgery was completed.Two years previously,the patient complained of dysmenorrhea.The pain was recurrent in nature,associated with menstruation and exacerbated monthly,enough to incapacitate her routine activities.Thereafter,she experienced progressively worsening dysmenorrhea,refractory to any medication.

At a consultation in another hospital six months earlier,the B-mode ultrasound findings showed a cystic mass of approximately 9 cm in diameter located at the posterior uterine isthmus,and an LNG-IUD was inserted into the “uterine cavity”.Since the IUD insertion,her dysmenorrhea completely disappeared,and amenorrhea commenced.Three months before the referral,the IUD was outside of the uterine cavity and a giant cystic echogenic mass was detected by B-mode ultrasound at our outpatient department.

History of past illness

In 2011,the patient underwent laparoscopic myomectomy at our hospital because of a fibroid placed in the posterior uterine isthmus.The cavity of the fibrosis mass broke through the endometrial layer during the operation.

Physical examination upon admission

A large cystic mass located in the posterior aspect of the uterus.

Laboratory examinations

The routine blood test (June 28,2017) showed a white blood cell count of 7.3 × 109/L,neutrophil percentage of 63%,red blood cell count of 3.6 × 1012/L,haemoglobin concentration of 138 g/L,and platelet count of 192 × 109/L.The carbohydrate antigen 125 level was 8.0 IU/L,and the C-reactive protein level was 1.3 μg/mL.

Imaging examinations

At a consultation in the hospital,the B-mode ultrasound findings (Figure 1A) showed an endometrial cystic mass containing an IUD.Since the operation,her dysmenorrhea completely disappeared,and amenorrhea commenced.In the preoperative evaluation,a large cystic lesion with endometrial-like signal in the pelvic cavity that communicated with the cervical canal was observed on magnetic resonance imaging(Figure 1B).Based on the magnetic resonance imaging,the presumptive diagnosis of an LNG-IUD contained within the pelvic endometrial cyst was proposed.Based on the imaging data and her history,the patient was clinically diagnosed with an endometriosis cystic mass located at the posterior uterine isthmus after myomectomy,with an LNG-IUD out of the uterine cavity.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The histopathology of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of cystic adenomyosis.The final diagnosis was an exophytic cystic adenomyosis located at the posterior uterine isthmus after myomectomy,with an LNG-IUD out of the uterine cavity.

TREATMENT

Because of fear that the IUD out of the uterine cavity would probably migrate into and damage the surrounding viscera,the patient was hospitalized for surgery.Laparoscopic excision of the mass was performed for the patient (Figure 2).The giant exophytic cystic mass and the LNG-IUD were removed during the operation.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient has been relieved from her symptoms of dysmenorrhea and abnormal uterine bleeding,starting from the first menstrual period after surgery to date.Table 1 shows the specific information of the patient before and after treatment.

DISCUSSION

There exist a number of hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of adenomyosis,and one hypothesis recognized by most people is the endometrial injury invagination theory[4].The peristalsis and contraction of the uterus originate from the endometrial myometrial interface called the junctional zone.When trauma such as caesarean delivery,myomectomy,or curettage occurs at the junctional zone[5],a mechanism of tissue injury and repair will be activated,which results in increased local levels of E2[6].Local hyperestrogenism is thought to lead to enhanced proliferation of endometrial cells and increased peristalsis of the junctional zone;hyperperistalsis allows “invasion” of the endometrium into the myometrium from the opening of the junctional zone,and the proliferated endometrium stimulates local uterine smooth muscle hypertrophy[7].Moreover,excessive peristalsis will further damage the junctional zone,and then,the tissue injury and repair mechanism is re-activated again.This process forms a vicious circle that eventually leads to the development of adenomyosis[8].When there are extensive endometrial secretory changes and haemorrhages in the endometrium that invades the myometrium,a cystic adenomyosis will develop[2].

As the classification is based on cyst location in the uterine wall,cystic adenomyosis is subdivided into five subtypes[9]:Subtype A1 includes the submucous or intramural cystic adenomyosis;subtype A2 includes cases of cystic polypoid lesions;subtype B1 includes subserous cystic adenomyosis;subtype B2 includes cases with exophytic growth;and subtype C comprises uterine-like masses within the uterus.

Here,we report a huge cystic adenomyosis that was suspected to be closely related to a prior uterine myomectomy history,which is supported by the following evidence.First,our patient began to experience abnormal uterine bleeding right after she underwent myomectomy as a result of the accumulated blood slowly outflowing from the cyst through the fistula that communicated with the cervical canal.Second,the cystic lesion was located at the site of the previous surgical wound,and the endometrial layer was broken through during myomectomy,inevitably causing damage to the junctional zone.Third,the patient suffered from progressively refractory dysmenorrhea in the past two years as the cyst gradually increased in size,which could be attributed to the collected intra-cystic secretions and periodic monthly bleeding that accumulated in the cyst.For these reasons,we believed that a prior uterine myomectomy could be the main predisposing factor for the transitional endometrium violating the myometrium,which is involved in the pathogenesis and development of cystic adenomyosis.

Figure1 Imaging examinations.

Interestingly,in this case,the LNG-IUD was actually inserted in the adenomyosis cyst instead of the uterine cavity,but the symptoms of abnormal uterine bleeding and dysmenorrhea were markedly relieved,which raises a question about the role that the LNG-IUD played.The direct effect of levonorgestrel on the foci of the adenomyosis can affect the progesterone receptor,which produces a profound effect on the eutopic endometrium that becomes atrophic and inactive[10].The consequences are hypomenorrhea and even amenorrhoea.In this unique case,levonorgestrel probably acted directly on the endometriotic lesions and on the normal endometriumviahaematogenous or lymphatic pathways to reduce bleeding[11,12].In addition,LNGIUDs may also emerge as a good method for the reduction of pelvic vascular congestion[13],inhibition of the inflammatory mediators,and reduction of macrophage activity present in the peritoneum to control pain associated with endometriosis[14].

CONCLUSION

Myomectomy breaking through the endometrial cavity may be a predisposing factor for the development of adenomyosis.In terms of management,laparoscopic uterinesparing interventions may be the preferable choice for exophytic cystic adenomyosis.

Table1 Specific information of the patient before and after treatment

Figure2 Laparoscopic excision of the mass was performed for the patient.