皇家的紫禁城,人类的博物馆
2020-04-13老李
老李

In the year 1911, the feudal monarchy was overturned after 2000 years of ruling of China. The Palace Museum was established then in 1925, and from then on, the once royal city, the Forbidden City, got a new name - the Imperial Palace. The Forbidden City had been the royal residence for two dynasties over 500 years. Besides the buildings themselves, the Imperial Palace has collected numerous art and craft treasures. In 1925, a dedicated committee counted over 1 million treasures in the royal palace. When the imperial power collapsed, it was essential to let the mass appreciate the value of these treasures. In the first day of opening of Palace Museum, common people were able to appreciate the priceless treasures from Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties for the first time, and the thousands of years of traveling of the treasures finally had a meaning.
1911年,辛亥革命爆發,统治中国长达2000年的封建帝制被推翻。但根据当时签订的《清室优待条件》,宣统帝溥仪虽宣告退位,但作为皇家宫殿的紫禁城仍留给溥仪及皇室居住使用。
直到1924年,冯玉祥发动“北京政变”,将溥仪逐出宫禁,恢弘的紫禁城终于不再是一家一姓的独享。1925年,故宫博物院正式成立。也正是从这时开始,曾经的皇城、紫禁城有了这个新的名字——故宫。
作为历经两朝、长达500年的皇室所在,紫禁城中除了建筑是无价之宝,还收藏有大量艺术瑰宝、工艺奇珍。当皇权瓦解、特权不再时,让这些珍宝供全民共赏才更能发挥其价值。
1925年,“办理清室善后委员会”制订并通过了《故宫博物院临时组织大纲》,设临时董事会“协议全院重要事物”。委员会对故宫文物逐宫逐室地进行了清点查收,事竣后整理刊印出《故宫物品点查报告》共6编28册,计有117万余件文物。随着《清室善后委员会点查报告》一书公开出版,普罗大众才第一次知道这座紫禁城里究竟收藏了多少瑰宝。
故宫博物院对外开放的第一天,北京城内万人空巷。三代鼎彝、远古玉器、唐宋元明之书法名画、宋元陶瓷、珐琅、漆器、金银器、竹木牙角……当这些价值连城的珍宝第一次展现在普通人面前,它们流转千年的价值有了新的意义。
1931年,“九一八事变”爆发,日本全面侵华的野心逐渐显露。为了保护故宫文物安全,免遭战火损毁和日军掠夺,1933年,故宫博物院决定将重要文物南迁。2月至5月,故宫先后检选出文物、图书、档案13427箱又64包,分五批先运抵上海,后又运至南京。
