杨富学 刘源

内容摘要：位于河西走廊西北部的敦煌地区先秦时期即有众多民族活动。汉代敦煌，作为西出中原重要的交通枢纽，亦是华戎集聚的重要都会。当地既有羌、小月氏等族群栖居，亦有原居敦煌后迁徙至中亚的乌孙、大月氏等人频频出入敦煌，与汉王朝交往，更有匈奴人频频在敦煌一带活动。从悬泉等地出土的汉简可以看出，汉政府在敦煌郡下设敦煌、冥安等六县，郡以西置阳关与玉门关，并设玉门、阳关、中部、宜禾四部都尉，加强对敦煌诸地的管理，此外還于酒泉、张掖等地区设立五属国以安置如羌人、小月氏人、匈奴人。针对敦煌等地的民族分布状况，汉政府在河西设置各种官职，如酒泉太 守、护羌校尉、护羌使者、护羌从事、主羌使者、护羌都吏等，以加强对敦煌等地各族人的管理，而且在敦煌郡府设立专门的翻译人员，如匈奴译、羌胡译等，以沟通各族之间的联系。

关键词：汉简;敦煌;民族关系;月氏;羌;匈奴

中图分类号：K877.5  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2019）03-0032-14

Abstract： In the pre-Qin period， many different groups of people were active in the Dunhuang region at the western end of the Hexi corridor. In the Han dynasty， Dunhuang， as a traffic hub connecting the Central Plains with the West， was an important metropolitan area where Han Chinese and non-Han peoples mingled and traded. In addition to the local peoples like the Qiang and Little Yuezhi， groups such as Wusun and Great Yuezhi， who originally lived at Dunhuang and later migrated to Central Asia， frequently came to Dunhuang and had interactions with the Han empire. The Xiongnu（the Huns）were active in the Dunhuang region at this time as well. The wooden slips unearthed from Xuanquan Post indicate that six counties including Dunhuang and Mingan were established under Dunhuang Prefecture， two passes， the Yangguan Pass and the Yumenguan Pass were set up in the west of the Prefecture， and four duwei（military organizations）， namely Yumen， Yangguan， Zhongbu and Yihe， were set up to enhance the management and security of the region. Additionally， five tributary states were set up in Jiuquan and Zhangye for peoples like the Qiang， Little Yuezhi， and the Huns. The Han government also set up various official posts to strengthen its management of the various ethnic groups distributed throughout the region; there were even special interpreters in the Dunghuang Prefecture government offices to help with communication between groups.

Keywords： wooden slips; Dunhuang; ethnic relationships; Yuezhi; Qiang; Xiongnu（the Huns）

河西地区，介于祁连山脉、阿尔金山以及龙首、合黎、马鬃山等断续相连之山地间，形似走廊，又有“河西走廊”之名，其地受祁连山冰川融水的滋养而形成广袤草原地带，又处于我国北方农牧区分界线，气候适宜，水草丰美，历来为我国游牧文明与农耕文明交错之地，自先秦及汉，月氏、乌孙、羌、匈奴等族群多于此地游牧繁衍。随着汉王朝以河西作为战略目标，列四郡，据两关，继而败走匈奴，完善一整套边塞防御体系，敦煌成为河西地区连接周边民族的重要关口。……