郝石盟，张悦，黄唐子/HAO Shimeng, ZHANG Yue, HUANG Tangzi

作者单位：清华大学建筑学院

开间更新

北京老城在历经若干轮的拆迁和腾退疏解后，仍将有大量原住居民主动或被动地选择长期居住于此（图1、2），这部分居民面临着两个方面的问题——高密度低质量的居住环境和复杂化碎片化的房屋产权属性。“开间更新”就是在此语境下提出的一种老城微更新路径，即在一开间所限定的空间单元与产权单元内，通过预制装配式模块的置入（包括卫浴模块、厨房模块、收纳模块等），对生活核心功能进行最大化集成；通过浅下挖以及搭建夹层，实现空间效率和居住品质的提升。同时在院落内置入公共品属性的厨厕和收纳模块，用以置换现有院落中的居民自建房，建立院落公约并纳入物业管理。随着新一代老城居民生活方式的改变、人口密度的逐步降低，对这些模块的需求量会逐渐降低并移除，恢复原有院落格局和较高的室外空间品质，实现柔性置换。

福绥境50号院试点

作为白塔寺再生计划的一部分，“开间更新”模式自2017年1月开始在福绥境胡同50号院进行了试点建设（图3-6）。试点建设的意图一是向周边居民展示就地改善的可能性，二是调整设计中可能存在的问题，三是对未来相关支持政策的制定进行意见征询。因此福绥境50号院从施工阶段开始就面向在地居民开放参观，并在2017年9月主体施工完成后至今，持续接待居民参观、试住工作：在2017-2018北京设计周期间接待参观达500人次，包括本地居民120户以上，对37户居民的访谈做了记录备忘；示范院西开间通过居民自愿申请的方式提供短期试住的机会（每轮试住为期一周），已先后有11户共计22人次参与了短期试住；东开间为一对年轻夫妻提供了长期试住，通过试住过程居民反馈了丰富而有益的建议。同时项目组还对东开间主要空间的室内温湿度进行了为期一年的连续监测，对改造后的室内物理环境和舒适度进行评价（图7）。

环境性能测试

在保护老城传统风貌的同时，如何提升建筑的环境性能和居住的舒适性，是项目组期望通过福绥境50号院项目探讨的一个重要议题。改造中增设了屋面保温以提升热工性能；提高了南向透明围护结构的比例，以增加自然采光和冬季被动式得热的机会；二层夹层在南北两侧留有自然通风的路径通过历时近一年的环境现场实测证实了这些策略的有效性（图8、9），但同时也发现仍待改进的设计细节：夏季空气温度和湿度在二层夹层的顶部显著增高，人在夹层空间站立时，可明显感知头部和脚部的温度梯度，因此宜设置顶部自然通风带走温度以及湿度的蓄积。同时冬季散热器和夏季空调位置的设置，也需进一步考虑促进热空气和冷空气在整个室内空间的有效循环，避免二层过热或一层过冷的情况出现（图10、11）。

居民试住反馈

得益于项目的开放性，项目团队通过居民参观和试住过程获得了大量的反馈（图12-15）。居民对居住条件在地改善与院落整治的效果表示非常认同，特别认可通过夹层增加原有空间利用效率的策略，并重点关注了户型的合理性、造价和补贴方式，以及拆违政策等等。通过试住过程将建筑回归生活的日常性之后，设计中的一些问题也得以凸显。首先是私密性的考虑：从促进通风采光角度，二层夹层栏板原采用了视线通透的栏杆，但为保证夹层作为睡眠空间的私密性，需要增设约40cm的围挡。卫生间为使空间利用更加集约化，原本使用了与马桶一体化的手盆，但日常生活中盥洗空间使用频率非常高，这样的一体化洁具缺乏便利性，将在未来进行翻转式手盆的改进设计。除了对设计细节的调整外，试点项目的更大意义还在于提升了周边居民对“开间更新”模式的关注和了解，在参观和试住后，先后有9户居民表达了愿意参与开间更新的意愿并签署了意向书。

2 社区居民人居环境现状/Living environment of residents

3 改造后入口/Entrance after renovation

4 改造后内景/Interior views after renovation

5 改造后内景/Interior views after renovation

6 改造后内景/Interior views after renovation

“草根”的效仿

福绥境50号院试点实施后，在白塔寺片区陆续出现了若干以其为空间原型的居民自发改造项目（图16-21）。在这些居民自发改造的案例中，不乏民间智慧的涌动，特别是在上述提到的与生活的日常性产生错位的设计上，居民自发进行了设计改良。包括空调机位置的调整，甚至是全屋新风系统的置入，二层栏板处也加强了私密性的处理，楼梯下部空间空间利用方式也极具多样性，居民对于开放厨房也呈现出较高的接受度（图22-26）。“开间更新”试点项目在这个意义上起到了真的带动作用。

公众对转基因食品的态度。在我国，民众对转基因食品还存在比较高的质疑，一方面主要是转基因的技术相对不够成熟，存在着许多未知因素，人们对转基因食品的疑虑还难以消除；另一方面是人们对转基因产品在认知水平上有一定的界限，以及对公众机构体制机制的信任度下降，导致对转基因存在着安全疑虑，接受程度相对较低。

Bay Renewal

After several rounds of demolition and evacuation in the old city of Beijing, there will still be a large number of indigenous residents who choose to settle down here actively or passively for a long time (Fig. 1.2). These residents are confronted with two problems: the living environment in high density but low quality, and complicated fragmented property right attribution. Bay Renewal is a path for micro update of the old city proposed in such a context, that is, to maximise the integration of core functions of life through the placement of prefabricated assembly modules that include bathroom module, kitchen module and receiving module in the limited space unit and property unit of a bay; and to improve space efficiency and living quality through shallow digging and building interlayers. Meanwhile, the module of kitchen and toilet and the receiving module with the attribute of public goods are inlaid in the courtyard to replace the residential self-built houses in the existing courtyard, set up the courtyard convention and incorporate it into property management content.With the change of life style of the new generation of residents in the old city and the gradual shrinkage of population, the demand for these modules will be gradually reduced and removed. In this regard,the original courtyard pattern with higher quality of outdoor space will be recovered to achieve flexible replacement.

Pilot project of No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong

As part of the Baitasi's Renewal Plan, the Bay Renewal model has been in pilot construction at No.50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong since January 2017 (Fig. 3-6). The purpose of the pilot project is to show the possibility of local improvement to the surrounding residents, to solve the possible problems in the design, and to ask for opinions on the formulation of future supportive policies.Therefore, No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong has been open to local residents since its construction stage, continuously receiving the residents for visits and trial living from the completion of main body construction in September 2017 till now. During Beijing Design Week period from 2017 to 2018, 500 visitors were received here, including more than 120 households of local residents, among which 37 were interviewed with minutes. The west bay of the demonstrative yard provided opportunities for short-term trial living through resident's voluntary application for one week for each round of trial living, and 22 people from 11 households successively participated in the short-term trial living. Meanwhile, the west bay provided a longterm trial living for a young couple, with feedback from the residents for useful suggestions through the trial living process. Besides, the project team also continuously monitored the indoor temperature and humidity of the main space of the east bay throughout a year and evaluated the indoor physical environment and comfort level in the renovated houses (Fig. 7).

挑战墨西哥和白人文化中根深蒂固的父权价值体系（Madsen,2000:2）是塞利亚文化身份建构的另一关键。

7 空气温度及相对湿度测点布置/Location of measuring points of air temperature and relative humidity

8 各测点夏季典型日空气温度波动（2018年8月20-26日）/Indoor air temperature in summer (20th -26th August, 2018)

9 各测点冬季典型日空气温度波动（2019年1月7-13日）/Indoor air temperature in winter (7th -13th January, 2019)

10 夏季典型日无空调（16:00）/有空调（21:00）时段温度剖面分布示意/Pro file distribution diagram of temperature without air conditioning (16:00)/with air conditioning (21:00)on typical days in summer

11 夏季典型日无采暖（16:00）/有采暖（21:00）时段温度剖面分布示意/Pro file distribution diagram of temperature without heating (16:00)/with heating (21:00) on typical days in summer

后记

居民：我们的房子是2018年改造的，整个工期大概半年左右。现在一家3口人住，我儿子住西边面那间屋子，那间也做了同样的改造。这个房本身比较高，大概有3m多，之前是尖屋顶，从尖上算（高）有3.2m左右。2018年改的时候拿掉了尖顶，做了加层。当时本来还想做厚点，能找齐的都找齐一点，最后上面那层人就有点直不起腰。不过上面那层就睡觉，然后摆了电脑桌，榻榻米什么的，打扫起来也还方便（图21左）。地面没有往下刨，刨的话，墙又不行，还要往外拉渣土，成本很高。所以我想这么高差不多就行了，不用花太多钱。

评论

本次研究的病死猪无害化处理系统主要采用BS结构开发，开发环境基于SqlServer 2005数据库、微软Visual Studio 2008、AJAX技术、Silvrelight技术、Css+Div控制技术、PS设计[2]。整个系统采用可视化操作平台和多种应用相互兼容，能实现二次开发，整个结构体系体现了模块化功能，容易推广应用，拓展性更强。

居民：网上。但有些看照片就不着调，我们选的这家是去看了他正在施工的现场，和他之前干过的活儿，有两三处，都做的不错。我发现做这个，就得费心的琢磨，平房不像楼房那么规整，但好好想想的话有时候弄得也挺好。

雾霾问题引起了社会的广泛关注，也使部分人的生活受到影响。雾霾出现的时间长、范围广,主要由二氧化硫、氮氧化合物和可吸入颗粒物组成。其中可吸入颗粒物使雾霾加重，严重影响了农业和工业生产。国家为了做好大气污染防治工作，实施了一系列措施。例如家庭供暖煤改气工程和工厂电力代替烧煤的方案，整治“散乱污”企业，关停重污染企业，加大了对企业的审查力度。倡导低碳经济是经济发展的趋势，我国防治大气污染的体系逐渐完善，但在碳排放信息披露方面，尚无明确的体系，存在各种碳信息披露缺陷，且同行业之间碳会计披露方式也没有具体统一的标准，加大了环境治理工作的难度[1]。

小微企业中也存在着行业差距，对于不同类型和规模的企业也需要制定不同的税收优惠政策。在进行增值税起征点的时候，需要考虑到收入上的差异。例如：对于软件开发企业，日常收入并不高，对这类企业可以使用目前的标准；对于工业企业，日常收入比较高，那么需要提高征收点。同时将增值税起征点变成免征额，避免出现税负不公平的现象。另外也需要根据发展差异制定政策，对于前景好和继续扶持的企业提供不同的政策，让税负得到减轻。

Comments

CHENG Xiaoqing: In the historic area of Beijing old city, it is not unusual for every household to have only one smallest living unit with a building area of only ten square metres. The concept of "Bay renewal" is based on the low-cost transformation of the smallest living unit, and explores the solution of kitchen, bathroom and storage and other basic living space by means of modularisation and prefabrication. The contribution of this project is that it breaks through the limitation of what we now acknowledge as architecture, and suggests a flexible renewal approach. Moreover,the public rental module proposed by the project is reversible, which can not only solve the current problem of people who originally live here, but also provide the possibility to restore the spatial pattern of the courtyards. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)

12 周边居民施工全程全天候“监理”，居民代表参观、讨论、试住反馈/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

13 周边居民施工全程全天候“监理”，居民代表参观、讨论、试住反馈/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

14 周边居民施工全程全天候“监理”，居民代表参观、讨论、试住反馈/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

15 周边居民施工全程全天候“监理”，居民代表参观、讨论、试住反馈/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

16 厨房模块与日常使用/Kitchen module and daily usage

17 居民试住（17.18 图片来源：白塔寺再生计划）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

18 居民试住（17.18 图片来源：白塔寺再生计划）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

19 居民试住（17.18 图片来源：白塔寺再生计划）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

20 示范院平面/Floor plan of demonstrative courtyard

Environmental performance test

While protecting the traditional style and features of the old city, how to improve the environmental performance of building and the comfort of dwelling is an important topic that the project team expected to discuss through the project of No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong.In the renovation, roof insulation was added to improve thermal performance, the proportion of southward transparent enveloping structure was increased to raise natural daylighting and passive heat gain in winter, and natural ventilation path was maintained on the north and south sides of the twolayer sandwich to verify the effectiveness of these strategies by means of field measurement of the environment for nearly one year (Fig. 8.9). However,it was also found that the design details still need to be improved. In summer, the air temperature and humidity increasingly grow at the top of the twolayer sandwich. When people stand in the sandwich space, they can clearly perceive the temperature gradient of their head and feet. Therefore, it is advisable to set the top natural ventilation to take away the accumulated temperature and humidity.Meanwhile, the location of the radiator for winter and the air conditioner for summer shall be further considered to promote the effective circulation of hot and cold air in the whole indoor space, so as to avoid the occurrence of overheating at the second layer and supercooling at the first layer (Fig. 10.11).

Feedback from residents for trial living

Thanks to the openness of the project, the project team received a lot of feedback from the residents during visits and trial living (Fig. 12-15).The residents agreed on the field improvement of living conditions and the effect of yard renovation,especially on the strategy of increasing the original space utilization efficiency through the interlayer,and paid attention to the rationality of household type, the way of cost and subsidy and the policy of dismantling illegally established houses. After returning the building functions to daily life through the trial living assessment, some problems in the design were also highlighted. F