Abstract：Body perception has analysed by motor activity.This is largely the result of Le Boulch's work on psychokinetics and psychomotor education,which made new levels available for the description of body schema activity beyond that of conscious movements.Reflex movements,involuntary gestures,and emotions are all evidence of the pre-attentional activation and preparation for motor actions.Body perception is built from the interaction between the body and the world.With this in mind,we would like to draw attention to the current paradoxical gap in the literature that exists between the living and the perceived body.We then propose a means of overcoming this gap through a description of the activation of the living body and its emersion at the level of perception.Enaction,in Francisco Varela's groundbreaking work,explains how neurodynamics bring emergences from our living body to our consciousness by awakening and activating our potential capacities.In this sense enaction is a neurodynamics,while emersion ensures the bottom-up transition of implicit information from the living body(Leib)to consciousness and to the attentive perception of the lived body(Korper).

Key Words：body,perception,enaction,emersion

INTRODUCTION：An ecological approach to direct perception

Body perception(Andrieu，2015)has analyzed by the motor activity.This is because conscious movements no longer constitute the only level of description available for the activity of body schema；largely due to Le Boulch's work(Le Boulch，1966).Drawing on Piaget rather than Gibson for his thesis in medicine，Le Boulch considered“the motor act not only in its effector or somato-organic aspect，but also in its perceptive aspect” (Le Boulch， 1960， 3).Abandoning the Cartesian equivalence of vision and representation，Gibson(1979)proposed an “ecological” approach to perception.Rather than characterizing a perceived object as the correlate of a representation，this approach emphasizes the interaction with the“affordances” or“opportunities”in our environment that are directly accessible for exploration.The meaning of objects comes directly from their affordances；objects provide information resonating or tuning with possibility for actions.

We can perceive and recognize stimuli through our extraction of the information contained in the invariance of movements， waves， and images.Proprioceptive sensitivity allows to be aware of the position and movements of each body segment，and unconsciously provides the nervous system，through the action，the information needed to adjust muscle contractions for movements and the maintenance of posture and balance. Involuntary gesturesand emotionsmanifest through our pre-attentive processing activity and preparation for motor action(Thoreau， 2015).Thus， body perception is a tightly coupled system of interaction between the body and the world(Andrieu，2013).

Body perception can be made consciously through the mobilization of attention during(Berthoz， Andrieu，2011)a motor act： “From a given posture， I read the potentialities of movement and the physical and psychic intentions that are already at work” (Hugonnet， Bouvier， 2017，16).We use the term “pre-action” to describe this ecologization of the living body(Andrieu，Loland， 2017).For Sumner， Husain(2008)， the separation between automatic and controlled behavior suggests that automatic and unconscious processes can form an intrinsic part of all behaviors，rather than being categorically different from voluntary actions.A crucial issue is how such automatic processes are controlled in order to select the most appropriate responses and inhibit inadequate responses(Sumner， Husain，2008).On this subject，Desmurget et al(2009)suggested that motor intention was a consequence of increased parietal cortex activity during motor preparation prior to motor execution.

According to Fuchs'(2018)notions of brain ecology and the living being，our living body is a set of biological and neurobiological activities regulating our ecological adaptation to both the external and our internal environments.The lived body is produced in consciousness as a result of our perception of sensitive content.For example，our living body experiences pain before our body perception makes us aware of a painful sensation(Scarry，1987).

Body perception is built from a reciprocal interaction between the body and the world.It is carried out independently by the living body in continuous processes of motor adaptation and corporeal ecologization.On one hand，the incorporation of sensory data information creates immediate responses in perception-action.On the other hand，the gap between what the body perceives below the threshold of consciousness and our perception of the body's capacity for action can act as an obstacle for knowing the activity of living body by consciouness.As we have shown，the living body is perceived according to a premotor ecology(Andrieu，2013)，which prepares actions before consciousness is likely to perceive the movements in his lived body.

Autopoietic organization and the body's perception

The work of Francisco Varela was pioneering in describing the autopoietic organization of living systems：the body's perception is situated within a system that is incarnated in neural networks.Emergence relies on the properties of this network's dynamics.Maturana and Varela defined an autopoietic system as：

A network of processes of production(transformation and destruction)of components that produces the components which：(i)through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate the network of processes(relations)that produced them；and(ii)constitute it(the machine)as a concrete unity in the space in which they(the components)exist by specifying the topological domain of its realization as such a network(Maturana&Varela，1980，79).

Living cognition is enacted or produced from the capabilities of a distributed system.Francisco Varela proposes starting from the lived body as a way of accounting for cognition； thus， the notion of incarnation(Da Nóbrega， 2010)no longer has the dualistic sense of the Christian tradition.According to Varela，what is needed is a general pathway studying cognition neither as a reconstruction of a predetermined outer world(realism)，nor as a projection of a predetermined inner world(idealism).Cognition is rather an incarnate action：

By the word incarnate，we want to emphasize two points： first， cognition depends on the types of experiences that result from having a body endowed with various sensorimotor capacities； second， these individual sensorimotor capacities are themselves part of a wider biological， psychological and cultural context(Varela，Thompson， Rosch，1991，84).

Merleau Ponty(1933)thought that as the link between biology and phenomenology， demonstrated how cognitive structures emerge from the recurring sensori-motor schemes that guide action through perception.The separation of motor processes and perception leads to a neurobehavioral description of neural mechanisms and interpretations.

Thus，the inscription of the mind in the body must take into account both the enaction and the individuation of the flesh.The nervous system a “co-dependence，an intimate intertwining between the structure of the system and the domain of cognitive acts”(Maturana&Varela， 1980， 28).As such， the biological mechanisms of cognition must lead to a neurophenomenon(Varela，1996)： Husserl's phenomenology is cited can be effective in cognitive neurobiology because creative cognition， unlike the only representational term， is linked to the lived body.

The implication of experience in cognitive activity can be described by a neurophenomenology of perception， memory and action.In neurophenomenology，mental images are no longer the inherent content of consciousness；rather they are conscious embodiments of the perception-action of the world in the body.There is no internal copy of the external world because since the brain produces a neurobiosubjective image of its perception of the world.Embodied experience is retained through a long-term work-memory，which can be de-scribed as a gradual congruence of these processes'circuits and degrees of activation according to the needs created by the mind's interaction with the world.

The gap between the living body and the perceived body

The gap between the activity of the living body and the lived body's perception of that activity can be considered as a delay from consciousness viewpoint.However，from the point of view of the ecology of the living body，the living body is anticipating and determining the body schema actions before it is perceived by consciousness.How does the activity of the living body come to consciousness?

Knowing how to read the subtle signs of body movements and body orientation can help us to collect details about the body.Motor cortex research using neurotracking technology for enhancing mental performance and neuro-cognitive activation in situations involving motor expertise demonstrate the advanced perception(Faubert，2012)of the living body's activity.Much of this research focuses on athletes and sports；for example，socio-motor coordination and its promotion of social health through sports games and team sports can be used to analyze the health of the relationship between partners and their exchange of social roles.

The NeuroTracker consists of a test and a training method of the high-level visual perception function in order to objectify how the user can integrate his consciousness，his attention and his operational memory during a follow-up task including multiple objects in 3D(Multiple Object Tracking-3D MOT).Furthermore，Faubert's(2012)analysis of biological motion perception and socially relevant stimuli among different levels of athletes used cognitive neurotracking to show that sports experts display gestural praxis that demonstrates rapid anticipatory environmental perception and reaction.The living body is active before the the lived body becomes conscious of its activity.Neurotracking technology now reveals the premotor activation that results from the living body's activity；providing indications on the conditions for the emersion of gestures，on postures，and on involuntary movements.The simulated activation that occurs in virtual exercises(Dehaene et al 2006)awakens capability resources and provides an opportunity for the assessment and awareness of body ecology.

The main obstacle to gaining knowledge of the living body is our embodied consciousness，which gives us a biased perception of sensory and emotional information.The lag-time for the distribution of information following the activation of the brain is about 450 milliseconds：

It is concluded that cerebral initiation of a spontaneous， freely voluntary act can begin unconsciously，that is，before there is any(at least recallable)subjective awareness that a‘decision'to act has already been initiated cerebrally.This introduces certain constraints on the potentiality for conscious initiation and control of voluntary acts(Libet， 1983， 623).

There would be in the physical experience the truth，which does not lie.The actions of the living body(Berthoz， Andrieu， 2011)that precede our conscious awareness operate as a strategy that prompts the lived body into action with little delay as possible.Our intuitive sensibility is subconscious；it is the result of what premotor ecology has incorporated into habits.This sensibility is directed by sensory frameworks developed through experience，which gives intuitive and spontaneous character to gestures and actions.Through the mutations of informative adaptation，the living body makes plans without our knowledge and addresses situations in which our health is endangered or our homeostasis imbalanced as a means of forcing us to reorganize.

From enaction to emersion

Consciousness is not conscious of the brain.Consciousness'inability to feel the brain does not prevent the brain from stimulating it and allowing it to feel the effects of that neuro-stimulation within the consciousness perception ofthe lived body. ForGallese(2005)， about mirror neuron：

Such personal and body-related experiential knowledge enables us to understand the actions performed by others，and to directly decode the emotions and sensations they experience.A common functional mechanism is at the basis of both body awareness and basic forms of social understanding： embodied simulation(Gallese，2005，542).

It is this insensitivity of consciousness to his brain， as well as the unprecedented capacities of both，that has created a new neurotechnological aspiration to activate these potentials(Depraz， Varela， Vermeesch，2003).We can activate the capabilities of the brain by the conscious action， like in meditation：

During a meditation practice similar to mindful-ness，functional magnetic resonance imaging was used in expert meditators( ＞10，000 h of practice)to dissociate neural activation patterns associated with pain，its anticipation，and habituation.Compared to novices，expert meditators.

But the brain's capabilities may be not entirely dependant on consciousness and its will to activate them，because its ecologization is spontaneous and dynamic.According to Varela， “a global cooperation emerges spontaneously when the states of the components reach a satisfactory mutual coherence” (Varela，1992， p.201).This emergence， which is enacted in production，implies activating the potentials of consciousness without its understanding or volition.These potentialities are unknown possibilities that have not yet been activated for the conscious subject.

Enaction is a neuro-dynamic process that awakens and activates these potential capacities to produce emergences in consciousness.Emersion happens without any apparent cause，and is beyond human intention to control it or to use it for some utilitarian purpose(of course we can try to control it by training，but success is not guaranteed!).Different levels of emersion awaken consciousness through involuntary movements，reflexive impulses，and direct feelings(Table 1).

Table 1.Different levels of emersion

a)The stimulus produces an automatic and involuntary answer on the reflexive level，because nervous Sensory System is activated.Emersion brings up to awareness the reflexive reaction of the living body or enacts the brain's living potential and action

b)By emersion on the emotional level(Damasio，2017)we can feel the work of resonance and empathy of the living body in the lived body.

c)Emersion can also be understood on the perceptive level that it produces the expression of the living body in the lived body；The emersive perception can indicate information for directing its attention to one's internal and intimate states through techniques involving meditation and concentration，such as yoga or Buddhism(Depraz， Varela， Vermesch， 2003).

For Gallagher(2017， 283)：

The extensive relational dynamics that integrates the brain with the extra-neural body opens into an environment that is physical，social and cultural and that recycles back into the enactive process.Cognitive processes are in-the-world rather than in-the-head；they are situated in affordance spaces defined across evolutionary， developmental and individual histories， and are constrained by affective processes and normative dimensions of social and cultural practices

Enaction is the neuro-dynamic motor that uses emergence to awaken consciousness.Emersion facilitates and ensures the bottom up transition of these emergences by passing the implicit information of the living body into consciousness and its attentive perception of the lived body(Figure 1).

Figure 1 From Enaction to Consciousness through Emersion

Enaction is an emergent process of neuro-dynamic activity that renews consciousness'description of the living brain.It opens the way for the body's capacities by activating potentials and connections that have not yet been evoked or that have been forsaken because they are unusual.

Emersion：the means for the emergence of enaction

It is useful to distinguish the neurobiological processes that produce the anticipation of a motor action.Since enaction functions according to the laws of the living brain，the emersion that brings emergences to the conscious subject is largely involuntary.This is because emergences arrive in consciousness without the subject's ability to control their origin，their emersive moment，or their content.Emersion has three activities：

-Bringing the contents enacted by the living brain into conscious perception and coloring them with the emotions of images，dreams and involuntary gestures that surprise the conscious subject.

-Disrupting the habitual perception of the body by bringing the unconscious elements of information collected directly from the ecology of the living body to conscious awareness.

-Producing involuntary movements，such as eye movements denoting stress，which are only visible using eye-tracker technology.

The link between enaction and emersion is based on a five-stage process that is drawn from Varela's(1991)description of enaction in“Organism：A Meshwork of Selfless selves”：

1.The activation of networks by neuro-stimulation is a dynamic ecologization of the living body.

2.Enaction is an activating process that produces new connections by capturing information from the living brain.

3.Enaction brings awareness to consciousness through emersion.

4.Emersion awakens consciousness by involuntarily bringing emergences to its awareness.

5.Awareness is a representational cognition of attention to a summary of the living body's activity.

This process explains why unconscious premotor activation and motor resonance is detectable at the neural level through in-vivo recordings.In order to infer a person's behavior-directed intentions，it is necessary to record biological signals.

Within the context of these measurements，it is important to differentiate a state with no specific intention， or non-specific intention， from a state that includes a specific intention(Hyeonggyu， Sangil， Minho， Mun-Seon， Ho-Wan， 2016).This is because the modelization of body posture and movement that results from measurement technologies can show a correspondence between these two states.

The emersive activation of pre-reflexive consciousness is identifiable through motor adjustments in the subject's inner gestures， facial expressions， and body language expressions.This is because using motion capture systems， such as the GoPro system， to film body activity during actions，creates a self-confrontation(Schneidera， Christensenb， Häuβingera， Fallgattera， Gieseb， Ehlisa， 2014).

Thus， from the perspective of enaction， “the endogenous and the exogenous are defined reciprocally”(Varela， 1992， 222).As such， the link between neural synchronism and consciousness should be re-examined by associating emergence with embodiment.However，not everything is able to be activated.Furthermore，there is a generally confirmed opposition between the brain，which would determine and decide before our consciousness， and consciousness， which deliberates and freely arbitrates the actions that we accomplish.The dissociation between the motor cortex，responsible for the production of motor behavior，and the other cognitive areas，responsible for conscious mental states， is demonstrated： “the awareness of an event is dissociated from the response to this event”(Varela， 1992， 249).

The brain is a plastic organ with a capability to reorganize in response to behavior and/or injury.Following injury to the motor cortex or emergent corticospinal pathways，recovery of function depends on the capacity of surviving anatomical resources to recover and repair in response to task-specific training(Kantak et al，2012)

An analysis of emersive gestures in circus training

The research we conducted at the National Center for Circus Arts(CNAC)focused on the learning of gestures in circus training.Body techniques are the result of interactive mechanisms between the body and the world.Our motor selection program collects environmental information， adjusts our response， and then launches motor execution(Durand，2015).

According to the Emersiology model(Andrieu，Burel， 2014)， a macro-epistemological construct that aims to cross top-down and bottom-up perspectives in order to explain human experiences，we put forward the following proposition：emersive gestures should be seen as embodied manifestations of a subjective emotional state.From a top-down perspective，gestures result from the subject's intentionality within a conscious cognitive drive.Conversely，from a bottom-up and ecologically-grounded perspective，gestures emerge directly from the individual-situation coupling and induce an awareness of that coupling.

In the case of our research at CNAC/France(Centre National des Arts du Cirque)，an increase in Emersive gestures represented the physical manifestation of the circus performer's experience of emotional discomfort before they were even fully aware of it.Instead of attempting to discover which of the cognitive or the emersive impulse occurs first，the results of this study imply that the two signals are crossed together in the activation of an emotional episode.

The techniques used in this study raised questions about how learning gestures for circus acts involves conditions in the living body and in the lived body.The distinction between voluntary，conscious acts and unintentional，unconscious acts was immediately visible in observations of the body's reaction time.

Emersiology was developed as a new method for analyzing the emergence of the invisible data of the living body in a person's awareness.The implicit activities of the living body(cardiac frequency，involuntary gestures， stress， reflex， emotional regulation， interaction expression)emerge in the consciousness of the lived body without our voluntary control. It also prompts unconscious body language and is evidence of the body's ecological activation and production of new living data(Meyer， Wedelstaedt， 2017).

The GoPro camera's first person point of view provides additional information about the body through its production of non-intentionally filmed images，such as：

-The unconscious movements in the body pattern that are activated to restore balance， react to a change，catch one's breath，and avoid an obstacle.

-The automatic but habitual gestures that are incorporated through the body techniques and repeated exercises used in training.These automatisms seem to be subjected to a bodily intentionality；the body seems to perform them without realizing it.(Colombetti，2014).

-The voluntary and conscious gestures that are based on the mental preparation and cognitive representation that occurs before an action.These conscious gestures are the result of focusing attention for a short moment during the action(Vanderhaeghen 1982).

Thus，the images produced by the cameras on circus performers'bodies show us micro-gestures，hesitations， changes of direction， motor adjustments， and adaptations to novelties that occur before the lived body's perception realizes them within its cognitive experience.The living body's premotor ecology，to which our consciousness no longer pays attention，becomes visible by instruments of measurement and reflexive visualization.

Conclusion

The methodology from enaction to emersion that is developed here can be used to compare our past activity and feelings with those of our present.As a health benchmark，this awareness can be used to adapt our work rhythms and understand the difficulties of learning.

In other words，by analyzing how enaction leads to emersive gestures，we can produce a personal selfhealth program that allows us to：using activities to anticipate and manage stress，and to better know ourselves and our bodies through a focus on the internal activity of the living body rather than the perception of the lived body.

In this way，our perception of self-health would be represented by a personal scale of indicators produced by collecting the living body's data.Emersiology provides a new research perspective that is oriented towards understanding the modality of the interactions between the living body and the perceived body.

While the separation of the motor sciences and the human sciences into different specializations may have been a condition for progress in sports and motor studies in the past，we now have the possibility to use emersiology and the link between enaction and emersion to study the living body and the lived body's perception in the first and third person perspectives.