曹景川

摘      要：我国古代角抵治理受传统伦理影响颇深。汉元帝时的罢角抵令就是在“天人感应”的政治伦理影响下出台的;隋唐时期的角抵戏禁令也与儒家“男女大防”“倡俭抑奢”“伤风害政”等伦理密切相关;两宋是民间角抵的繁荣发展期，但随着民间角抵伤害的增加，与儒家提倡的“身体发肤、受之父母”的孝亲伦理相抵触，角抵禁令也随之出台;金元时期，受草原民族“族群等级制”伦理观的影响，民间角抵遭受打压，使得汉地角抵日渐式微。回归和确立竞技体育的文化属性，应该是竞技体育治理走向现代化的必由之路。

关  键  词：民族传统体育;古代角抵;传统伦理;竞技体育治理;儒家思想

中图分类号：G852    文献标志码：A    文章编号：1006-7116（2019）02-0041-05

Abstract： Ancient wrestling governance in China was affected quite profoundly by traditional ethics. In the Hanyuandi dynasty， the wrestling ban was issued under the influence of such a political ethic as “the interaction between heaven and man”; in the Sui and Tang dynasties， the wrestling performance ban was closely related to such ethics as “forbidding physical contact between men and women”， “advocating thrift and suppressing luxury”， “harming ethos hurting politics” held by the Confucianists; the Song dynasty was the prosperous development period of folk wrestling， however， with the increase of wrestling injury， which contradicted such a parent respecting ethic as “the body should be cherished because it came from the parents” advocated by the Confucianists， the wrestling ban was then issued; in the Jin and Yuan dynasties， under the influence of such an ethic view as “ethnic group hierarchy” held by the grassland nation， folk wrestling was suppressed quite seriously， which caused the gradual declination of wrestling in the Han region. Returning to and establishing the cultural attribute of competitive sports should be the inevitable way to modernization for competitive sports governance.

Key words： traditional national sports;ancient wrestling;traditional ethics;competitive sports governance;confucianism

角抵又称相扑、角力，《史记》中即有“角者，角材也;抵者，相抵触也”，文颖注曰：“秦名此乐为角抵，两两相当，角力、角伎艺、射御，故曰角抵也。”[1]《史记》之后，历代史书关于角抵的记载不绝如缕，可见其渊源影响。在角抵发展过程中，朝廷政治始终产生着剧烈的干涉作用，而“尚德”的儒家文化又是这种干涉的重要诱因。循历史脉络，对角抵这一源远流长的竞技体育形式在中国古代的兴衰与传统伦理对其制约之轨迹的描述，可见传统伦理与竞技体育之间的密切关联，以为今日之镜鉴。

1  从仪礼到竞技：角抵的发展

角抵自战国、秦代兴起，从一种“武戏”历汉唐、两宋、金、元，经久而不衰，逐渐演化成为具有较强竞技属性的体育活动。

1.1  作為仪礼的秦汉宫廷“武戏”