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完形填空微技能突破之小词活用

2019-01-10山东李秀萍

教学考试(高考英语) 2019年5期
关键词:生义例句词义

山东 李秀萍

让我们先来欣赏以下句子中“read”的用法:

After a long and hard read,I finally read his thoughts in his letter,so I left him a note,which read,“Your story is a very good read and you’re are a well read man.”

read 1—n.读书的行为;

read 2—v.(过去式)看透(心思或想法);

read 3—v.(过去式)写着;

read 4—n.读物;

read 5—adj.(过去分词)有学问的。

一、小词活用类型梳理

在完形填空中,一些基础词或常用词的词义、词性使用非常灵活,并非是我们原来熟悉的或课本词汇表里标注的词义或词性。当其词义或词性在语境中发生了变化时,若按原来的词义或词性理解,肯定会曲解文意。因此,在平日的备考中考生应多注意和积累一词多义的词汇和不止一种词性的词汇,来丰富自己的“word bank”,这对其提高解答这种题型的正确率来说至关重要。下面,笔者就完形填空中几种小词活用的情况进行梳理。

第一种:了然于胸型——一眼望穿,一读便知

例句赏析:

1.The smoke made my eyes water.(v.流泪)

2.It’s really heavy—can you give me a hand?(n.援手,帮助)

3.He felt in his pockets for some money.(v.摸,摸索)

4.Tom had tried to better his status,but failed.(v.使更好,改善)

5.Worry aged her rapidly.(v.使变老)

这种类型的词汇的词义与原来熟悉的词义密切相关,且几乎相同,或即使词性发生了变化,学生只要熟悉原来的词义,即可在语境中理解新的词义。

实战演练:

1.When we handed him the bag of food,he lit up and thanked us with 53 eyes.When I handed him the gift card,saying he could use it for whatever his family might need,he burst into tears.【2015 年全国卷Ⅰ】

53.A.sleepy B.watery C.curious D.sharp

解题思路:B。句意是“收到我们的食物后,他一下子高兴起来,眼含着泪水对我们表示了感谢。”watery 是形容词,词义由“水的,湿的”转化为“泪汪汪的”。

2.Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words:“What a 58 this young man was to our family!He was so 59 and kind to do this.”【2018 年全国卷Ⅲ】

58.A.pity B.blessing C.relief D.problem

59.A.smart B.calm C.sweet D.fair

解题思路:B;C。句意是“对我们全家来说,这真是一件幸事。他真是位温柔又善良的人,做了这样的好事。”blessing 是名词,词义由“上帝的赐福,祝福,保佑”转化为“幸事,好事”;sweet 是形容词,词义由“甜的”转化为“善良的,温柔的”。

第二种:一见如故型——关联原义,略加思量

例句赏析:

1.His songs full of sadness always make me feel blue.(adj.忧伤的)

2.The dishes were really inviting,giving me a good appetite.(adj.诱人的)

3.This activity is bound to bridge the gap between the two countries.(v.消除)

4.Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?(v.缺席)

5.Three days’discussion has passed,but who will be appointed there remains cloudy.(adj.不明确的)

这种类型的词汇的词义与原来熟悉的词义有部分关联,有一定的相似度,是原来词义的延展,或当词性发生变化时,学生在原来的词义的基础上进行一下词性转换即可理解。

实战演练:

1.The bay was 45 in sunshine,and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore.【2018 年全国卷Ⅱ】

45.A.bathed B.clean C.deep D.formed

解题思路:A。句意是“海湾沐浴在阳光下,在离海岸约150 米的地方有一群划皮艇的人。”bathe 是动词,熟义是“洗澡,冲洗”,在此句中为比喻义“沉浸,沐浴”。

2.After that,feeling the need to explore further,I decided to drop in on one of ASL club’s meetings.I only learned how to 53 the alphabet that day.Yet instead of being discouraged by my slow progress,I was excited.【2017 年全国卷Ⅰ】

53.A.print B.write C.sign D.count

解题思路:C。句意是“那一天,我仅仅学会了怎样用手势表达字母。”sign 是名词转换为动词来用,词义由“符号,手势”转化为“打手势,用手势示意”。

第三种:似曾相识型——联想熟义,稍加推理

例句赏析:

1.The sky looks bluer against the white clouds.(prep.在……的衬托下,以……为背景)

2.He chewed the problem over and over again in his mind.(v.深思熟虑)

3.His daughter’s death was a great blow to him.(n.打击)

4.Having been away from his motherland for many years,he’s aching for his home now.(v.渴望)

5.If your mind goes blank,you are suddenly unable to think of anything appropriate to say,for example,in reply to a question.(adj.空白的)

这种类型的词汇的词义与原来熟悉的词义相比较变化较大,原来的词义比较形象、具体,而此时的词义却变得抽象起来,需要结合原意和语境进行联想、推理,最终确定词义。

实战演练:

1....he found another vehicle upside down on the road.One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the 46 vehicle.Larry pulled over,set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher(灭火器).Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was put out....They then heard a woman’s voice coming from the wrecked(毁坏的)vehicle.【2016 年全国卷Ⅰ】

46.A.used B.disabled C.removed D.abandoned

解题思路:B。根据上一句中“upside down”和本句中“flames shooting out”可知,车辆侧翻,有火焰喷出,应该是车辆出事故了,再根据下文中的“the wrecked(毁坏的)vehicle”可确定选B。disabled 的词义由“残疾的,失去能力的”转化为“毁坏了的,不能用的”。

2.“The town square was totally full.I think almost all the people in the town were there.”The 3 500 residents cannot all enjoy the sunshine at the same time.However,the new light feels like more than enough for the town’s 58 residents.【2019 年全国卷Ⅲ】

58.A.nature-loving B.energy-saving

C.weather-beaten D.sun-starved

解题思路:D。根据上文可知,小镇的广场上挤满了人,几乎所有的人都在那里,小镇的3 500 名居民不能同时享受阳光。第58 题所在句子的句意为“对于缺乏阳光的小镇居民来说,新的阳光似乎已经足够了。”starved 的熟义为“饥饿的”,此处转化为“缺乏的”,sun-starved 即为“缺乏阳光的”。

第四种:形同陌路型——熟词生义,见多识广

例句赏析:

1.She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress.(v.阻止)

2.I can’t stand that noisy fellow.(v.忍受)

3.Our problem hasn’t been discussed,so it is still in the air.(n.悬而未决)

4.As I was sitting down to supper,the telephone must ring.(aux.偏偏,偏要,非得)

5.He has a beautiful small old wooden study.(n.书房)

这种类型的词汇的词义与原来熟悉的词义相比较发生了翻天覆地的变化,有的看起来甚至一点关联也没有,成了彻头彻尾的“生义”,有的词汇甚至词性也不同了。若学生按照原来熟悉的词义去理解这样的词汇,就会感觉句意不通或语意逻辑不顺,该词汇就会像生词一样成为其理解篇章的绊脚石。这时,只有学生有丰富的熟词生义积累和根据语境进行合理推敲的能力,才能最终确定词义。

实战演练:

1.Further up,the weather changes—low clouds envelope the mountainsides,which are covered with thick grass.【2019 年全国卷Ⅰ】

解题思路:句意为“继续向上爬,天气就变了——低矮的云层笼罩着长满青草的山坡。”“envelope”的常用词性是名词,词义为“信封”,而此处是动词,充当谓语,词义为“包裹,封住”。

2.For many,finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source of temptation(诱惑).But the 16 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money....

After hours in the cold and wet,he 20 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact the driver,only to discover it contained £400 in notes,with another £50 in space change beside it.【2018 年北京卷】

16.A.hope B.aim C.urge D.effort

20.A.turned B.hid C.stepped D.reached

解题思路:C;D。根据第16 题上文可知,对于很多人来说,发现了一个别人落在车里的钱包是有一定诱惑力的。第16 题所在句子的句意为“对于缺食少钱、无家可归的流浪汉来说这种(将钱包据为己有的)冲动会更大”。urge 由动词“催促,力劝”转化为名词“强烈的欲望,冲动”。第20 题根据其下文可知,他想从钱包中找到主人的联系方式,所以就把手伸进车里去够钱包。reach 由熟义“到达”转化为生义“伸手”。

3.In the store,I asked each of my kids to pick something they thought our“friend”there would appreciate.They got apples,a sandwich and a bottle of juice.Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a gift card.I thought about it.We were 48 on cash ourselves,but...well,sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is just what we need to do!【2015 年全国卷Ⅰ】

48.A.easy B.low C.soft D.loose

解题思路:B。由上文可知,“我”叫孩子们买些这位“朋友”可能会喜欢的东西,第48 题所在句子的句意为“我们自己的钱也快用完了,但是从我们所需要的东西中,而不是从我们富余的东西中拿出些来送给别人,这正是我们需要做的。”low 由熟义“低的,浅的”转化为“少的,不足的”,be low on sth.指“某物几乎耗尽或用完”。

练一练:

以下句子中的画线词的词性和词义是什么?

1.Don’t be cross with him—after all,he is still a child.

2.Curiosity drove Wang Peng inside.

3.My friend’s name escaped me for the time being,making me embarrassed.

4.The idea in this novel is different from the old one,which is quite novel.

5.We’re taking action to shelter our cultural relics from being lost.

6.He shouldered all the responsibility of taking care of his sick mother.

Keys:1.adj.生气的;2.vt.驱使;3.vt.被……忘掉;4.adj.新颖的;5.vt.保护;6.vt.承担

二、备考策略

词汇是篇章最基本的单位,而完形填空是语篇理解、语法知识以及词汇知识结合得非常紧密的一种题型。近几年,高考英语完形填空题对多义词汇的考查有愈演愈烈之势。因此,在备考中教师要给予特别关注,以防“熟词”成为学生理解文章的“生词”。

1.“官方”小册子与学生自备积累本相结合。“官方”小册子即教师定期给学生印发熟词生义的小册子,便于学生记忆。学生自己也不能一味地依赖教师,要把平日自己遇到的具有“生义”的熟词积累到本子上,形成一套课标词以外的“熟词生义”词汇表。日积月累“量变引起质变”,掌握了足够多的词汇,学生在阅读完形填空的文章时就会游刃有余。

2.注重“熟词生义”在语境中的学习。“词本无意,意由境生”,词汇只有结合具体语境才会衍生出不同的意义,因此,“官方”小册子与学生自备积累本中都要有例句,结合例句就会理解深刻,容易产生永久性记忆。

3.设立专门的“熟词生义”课型,每一周或两周一节。一是筛选这段时间学生在学习和训练中遇到的含有“熟词生义”的句子,设置成小“Quiz”的形式,这对学生也具有一定的挑战性;二是拓展这些“熟词生义”的词汇的其他词义用法或不同词性的用法,使学生学会举一反三。

4.培养学生使用英语学习必备的工具书——英语词典的能力。很多学生甚至是英语学习比较优秀的学生对教师过度依赖,很少自己动手查阅词典。首先,教师应向学生推荐适合的英英词典,比如《朗文词典》,这样便于培养学生的自学能力和在语境中学习词汇的意识,也有利于学生识别那些汉语意思似乎相同而实际不同或用法也千差万别的词汇。

5.加大有效阅读量,培养良好的语感。引导学生多读原汁原味的文章(文章来源及类型需由教师推荐),例如:英文报纸或杂志、英文原著小说、比较正规的英语网站上的文章等。只有源源不断地进行输入,见多识广,才能练就速辨“生义”的“火眼金睛”。

6.通过培养学生“看”的能力,多感受鲜活的生活化语言。新课标在原来要求学生“听、说、读、写”四会的基础上又加了一会——“看”,即看视频。语言学习的最终目的是实践和应用,因此,通过看美剧、英文电影、名人演讲或辩论赛等,学生可以学到很多甚至连书面语言里都不易见到的“生义”,从而不断丰富自己那套课标词以外的“熟词生义”词汇表,逐渐地从“一碗水”到“一桶水”,再到“一眼泉”。

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