右美托咪定在老年骨科患者麻醉中的应用进展
2018-09-21刘洋高东艳
刘洋 高东艳
[摘要] 右美托咪定作为一种高选择性α2激动剂,具有良好的镇静、镇痛、抗交感、抗炎、器官保护作用等优点,且不良反应少,广泛用于临床麻醉。目前右美托咪定在老年患者麻醉中显示出的优势得到越来越多医师的认可,本文就右美托咪定在老年骨科患者的应用做一综述,旨在为临床应用做指导。
[关键词] 右美托咪定;麻醉;老年骨科患者;应用进展
[中图分类号] R614.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)15-0164-05
Application of dexmedetomidine in anesthesia for elderly patients with orthopaedics
LIU Yang1 GAO Dongyan2
1.Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
[Abstract] Dexmedetomidine, as a highly selective α2 agonist, has advantages including good sedative, analgesic, anti-sympathetic, anti-inflammatory and organ protective effects, and has few adverse reactions. And it is widely used in clinical anesthesia. At present, the advantages of dexmedetomidine in anesthesia of elderly patients are recognized by more and more doctors. This article reviews the application of dexmedetomidine in elderly patients with orthopaedics and aims to guide clinical applications.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Anesthesia; Elderly orthopedics patients; Application progress
老年患者由于活动不便,骨质疏松,成为骨折的高发群体,部分患者还需要多次手术才能痊愈。老年患者还多伴有高血压、COPD、糖尿病等慢性内科疾病,同时机体各器官功能退化,生理储备差,手术过程中引起的应激反应过强或者过久,都会影响患者术后恢复和预后,故老年患者的麻醉效果至关重要。右美托咪定作为一种新型麻醉药,可以高选择性激动肾上腺素α2受体,具有剂量依赖性催眠作用,同时具有镇痛、抑制交感活性、无呼吸抑制、术后不良反应率低等优点,可有效减轻手术应激,其抗炎作用及器官保护作用也越来越受到重视[1],因此被广泛用于骨科麻醉。本文拟将右美托咪定在老年骨科患者麻醉中的实际临床应用做一综述。
1 镇静效应
多数患者术前对陌生环境、疾病及手术产生恐惧,存在焦虑、紧张等心理应激。老年患者由于生理性退化,且大多数合并高血压、糖尿病等基础疾病,对应激耐受能力进一步下降,过强的应激会严重影响患者的神经、内分泌及免疫系统,从而干扰手术及治疗的顺利进行,也会加重心血管负担,甚至有可能引发严重的心血管并发症,因此如何减少患者围术期应激反应十分必要,可有效降低不良事件的发生率[2]。……
