摘要：由何人、以何方式承担海上油污事故的法律责任，是处理此类事故的首要法律问题。除船舶所有人外，责任保险人的作用极为重要，他们是受损害人在船舶所有人经济状况不佳时获得损害赔偿的关键所在。因此，理清第三人与保险人之间的法律关系很有必要。鉴于燃油污染法律相较其他油污法律略显不足，从燃油污染事故切入，对中英两国法律下的“直诉保险人”制度进行分析。

关键词：燃油污染；直诉保险人；船舶所有人；清污费用

中图分类号：DF961.9文献标志码：A

文章编号：2096028X（2018）03005209

A comparative research on the right of direct action

against the insurer in China and United Kingdom

[KH*2D][WT5BZ]—from the perspective of cleanup costs of bunker pollution incidents

SHAO Yingfeng

（Taizhou Tribunal，Ningbo Maritime Court，Taizhou 318000，China）

Abstract：By whom and how to bear the legal responsibility of oil pollution at sea is the paramount issue when dealing with such kind of dispute. Besides the ship owners， the liability insurers are also very important. They are the keys for the third parties to get compensation when the ship owners are in bad financial states. Therefore it is of necessity to sort out the legal relationship between the third party and the insurer. Given the fact that there is a slight deficiency in the law of bunker pollution as compared with the laws of other oil pollutions， the paper， taking the bunker pollution accident as an entry point， comparing the laws of China and UK， analyzes the direct action against the insurer by the third party.

Key words：bunker pollution；a right of direct action against insurers；ship owners；preventive measure costs

船舶所有人

①为油污损害事故的责任人。一旦污染事故发生，船舶所有人因其对污染事故的第一手了解，处于采取清污措施的最优势地位。在主管部门的要求下，船舶所有人会立即请求或指派符合资质要求的清污主体对油污损害采取预防或清除措施，并由此承担巨额清污费用。为减轻经济压力，船舶所有人可能会蓄意拖延支付时间或提出不合理的抗辩以对抗清污主体的付款请求。如清污主体希望

绕过合同相对性原则和经济状况堪忧的船舶所有人，直接从责任保险人处获得保险赔偿金，其可以向名为“直诉保险人”②的制度寻求帮助。

就第三人直接起诉责任保险人的权利，中英两国均予以认可，但两国法律对该权利的行使和形成要件有着截然不同的规定。同样的，虽然两国都是《2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约》（简称《燃油公约》）的成员国，两国法律的规定与公约的规定也存在一定差异。……