张佳蕾 郭峰 李新国 万书波

摘要：我国食用植物油供需矛盾突出，自给率不足35%，花生在保障食用油脂安全和粮食安全中的地位十分突出。但近年来花生总产量增加不多，还要避免与粮棉争地，因此增产重点应放在提高花生单产上。传统双粒穴播花生在高产条件下，群体与个体矛盾突出，群体质量下降，产量难以进一步提高。而单粒精播变革种植方式后，花生植株均匀分布并减小株间竞争，缓解了群体与个体的矛盾，充分发挥了单株生产潜力，实现了在总生物量基本稳定的前提下提高经济系数的高产新途径。为进一步揭示单粒精播增产的机理，本文系统阐述了单粒精播对花生植株性状、生理特性和养分吸收利用等有关个体发育性状的影响，以及对群体整齐度、群体光合、源库关系和产量构成等群体结构性状的影响。以单粒精播技术为核心，配套施肥和管理等技术创建了单粒精播高产栽培技术体系，带动了花生单产水平提高，应用前景十分广阔。

关键词：花生；单粒精播；个体发育；群体结构；增产机理；关键技术

中图分类号：S565.204文献标识号：A文章编号：1001-4942（2018）06-0177-06

Abstract The contradiction between the supply and demand of edible vegetable oils in China is prominent， and the rate of self-sufficiency is less than 35%. Peanut owns the prominent position in ensuring the edible oil safety and food security. In recent years， the total yield of peanut had not increased largely， meanwhile， the competition with grain and cotton for land should be avoided. Therefore， the emphasis of increasing peanut yield should be increasing the yield per unit area. The contradiction between group and individual of double seed hole sowing was outstanding under high yield conditions， and the population quality declined， therefore， the pod yield was difficult to be further improved. The single seed sowing pattern made peanut plants distributed evenly and reduced the competition among plants. The contradiction between group and individual was also relieved， so the production potential of single plant could be fully played. The single seed sowing pattern had realized a new way for increasing the economic coefficient with the basically stable total biomass. The effects of single seed sowing on individual development characters， such as plant traits， physiological characteristics， nutrient absorption and utilization， and population structure characters like population uniformity， population photosynthesis， source and sink relationship and yield composition， were systematically expounded to announce its yield-increasing mechanism. The high yield cultivation technology system was established with the key technology of single seed sowing and the supporting technology of fertilizing and management， which had promoted the level of peanut yield per unit area and had a wide application prospect.

Keywords Peanut； Single seed sowing； Ontogenetic development； Population structure； Yield-increasing mechanism； Key technology

競争排斥原理在植物上表现为，凑在一起的植株必定会竞争有限的光、热、肥、水资源，导致生长发育不一致。在环境水分胁迫或营养胁迫下，植物根系间的地下竞争与地上竞争同样重要[1，2]。前人研究表明，塑造理想株型、优化产量构成是提高作物产量的有效途径[3-5]，高密度群体中挖掘“群体结构性获得”和“个体功能性获得”将是高产栽培的主要目标[6，7]。……