张甜 毕振方 戴常青 王铭伦 王月福 张晓军 邹晓霞

摘要：在田间试验条件下，以花生品种青花5号为材料，系统研究了不同时期追肥对花生植株生长动态的影响。结果表明，追肥或增施基肥均可促进花生茎叶生长、开花和果针形成；适期（花针期）追肥可使花生株高适中，增加分枝和有效分枝数量，增加主、侧茎叶数和单株叶面积，提高单株日开花量和开花总量，促进果针形成，提高入土果针比例，为增加结果数量奠定了基础；过早（苗期）或过晚（结荚期）追肥对促进植株健壮生长的效果均不及花针期追肥。

关键词：花生；追肥；植株生长；开花；果针形成

中图分类号：S565.206.2文献标识号：A文章编号：1001-4942（2018）06-0130-05

Abstract Under field condition and using Qinghua 5 as material， the effects of topdressing in different times on plant growth dynamics were systematically studied. The results showed that topdressing and increasing basal fertilizer both could increase the growth of stems and leaves， promote flowering and formation of fruit needles. Topdressing in suitable period （pod-pin period） made peanut plant height moderate， and could increase the number of branches and effective branches， improve the number of leaves on main and lateral stems and the leaf area per single plant， boost the daily flowering amount and total flowering amount per single plant， promote the formation of fruit needles and increase the proportion of fruit needle plunging into soil， which made a foundation for increasing pod number. Topdressing fertilizer too early （seedling stage） or too late （podding stage） were both not good for the promotion of plant growth.

Keywords Peanut； Topdressing； Plant growth； Flowering； Fruit needle formation

花生是我国重要的油料作物和经济作物，在保证食用油脂安全、种植业结构调整、促进农民增收、农业供给侧结构性改革中具有重要地位。施肥是提高花生产量和改善品质的重要措施[1]。合理施肥有利于提高肥料利用率、减少施肥引起的环境压力、促进作物健康生长[2]。

目前花生生产上较为普遍的是只施基肥或基肥配合少量种肥[3]，而花生在生长发育过程中需持续吸收多种营养元素[4]，所以传统的施肥方式，难以满足其生长中后期对养分的需求，易导致生长中后期脱肥早衰、进而影响产量形成。小麦[5]、玉米[6]、大豆[7]等作物生产均以生育期内追肥来满足产量器官生长对养分的需求，从而获取高产。因花生植株较矮、株行间距小，追肥操作勞动生产率低且易伤及已入土果针和荚果，故在生产上不便追肥，尤其在地膜覆盖条件下，追肥操作更是难以进行。……