张硕 王晓 陈鹏 李东超 刘永杰

摘要：为明确苹果园后期主要害虫及天敌发生情况，2016年10月调查了10个不同管理情况下苹果园果树上主要害虫及天敌的发生数量。采用五点随机取样法和目测观察法，对果树上主要害虫及天敌发生数量进行调查。结果表明，果树上主要害虫为苹果绣线菊蚜（Aphis citricola）、大青叶蝉（Cicadella viridis）、卷叶蛾类和食叶毛虫类，生草果园害虫的发生数量明显少于清耕果园；果树上的优势天敌为异色瓢虫（Harmonia axyridis）、龟纹瓢虫（Propylaea japonica）和中华通草蛉（Chrysoperla sinica），生草果园天敌的发生数量多于清耕果园；施药越频繁的果园害虫的发生数量越多，天敌发生数量越少；果园的最大益害比为1∶ 1.5，最小为1∶7.4，均明显大于有效益害比1∶（20～25），此时园内自然天敌可以有效控制害虫为害，不需要使用杀虫劑防治。该调查结果说明果园生草有利于增殖天敌控制害虫，后期天敌数量多，少使用或不使用杀虫剂可显著增加越冬天敌数量，为第二年发挥天敌作用创造有利条件。

关键词：苹果园；害虫；天敌；药剂；益害比

中图分类号：S436.611.2文献标识号：A文章编号：1001-4942（2018）05-0115-04

Abstract In order to clarify the occurrence of major pests and natural enemies in late period of the apple orchards， we investigated the number of major pests and natural enemies under 10 kinds of different management conditions in October 2016. The numbers of major pests and natural enemies in fruit trees were investigated by sampling on five points and visual observation method. The results showed that the major pests were Aphis citricola， Cicadella viridis， leaf roller and leaf-eating caterpillar. The number of pests in the apple orchards with interplanting grass were obviously less than that with clean tillage. The dominant natural enemies were Harmonia axyridis， Propylaea japonica and Chrysoperla sinica. The numbers of natural enemies in the apple orchards with interplanting grass were more than that with clean tillage. The more the orchards were frequently sprayed with chemical pesticides， the more pests and fewer natural enemies there were. The maximum ratio of natural enemies to pests in orchards was investigated as 1∶ 1.5， and the minimum ratio was 1∶ 7.4. They were much greater than the effective ratio of natural enemies to pests of 1∶ （20～25）. It showed that natural enemies in the apple orchards could effectively control the pests and did not need to use pesticides during this period. The results indicated that interplanting grass in orchards was beneficial to proliferation of natural enemies，and the control of pests with less or no chemical insecticides could increase the amount of over wintering natural enemies. It would create favorable conditions for the natural enemies to play roles in the next year.

Keywords Apple orchards； Pest； Natural enemies； Chemical pesticides； Ratio of natural enemies to pests

苹果是我国第一大水果品种，其栽培面积和产量约占我国水果总量的20%和30%，自2005年起，我国就成为了世界上苹果生产和消费第一大国[1，2]。当前，病虫危害严重仍是制约我国生产优质苹果的重要因素，苹果上主要害虫的基础研究工作相对薄弱，害虫综合防治工作相对落后[3，4]。近年来，随着果园生草等栽培技术的推广，果园内主要害虫及天敌的发生种类与数量均发生了明显变化，部分害虫的危害程度减轻，或者发生时间推迟，降低了防治难度，同时园内天敌的种类增加，发生高峰提前，发生期延长[5-9]。……