ABSTRACTS

A Sino-African Community of Shared Future and Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics

HE Wenping

ABSTRACT： The 19th CPC National Congress Report has articulated that major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics aims to foster a new type of international relations and build a community with a shared future for mankind. The development of China-Africa cooperation in the recent decade has been one of the hallmarks of Chinas major-country diplomacy. The formulation of “sincerity， pragmatism， affinity， and honesty” has paved way for China to forge closer collaboration with Africa. Moreover， the Ten Initiatives for China-Africa Cooperation put forward by China has yielded win-win results in South-South cooperation. Looking ahead， the author proposes a two-pronged （political and economic） road map for closer Sino-African cooperation. On the one hand， China and African states should build broad-based political consensus and share best practices in statecraft and governance. On the other hand， the two sided should further increase economic ties by jointly advancing the Belt and Road Initiative. Three areas of cooperation deserve special attention and intensified efforts： 1） technology transfer， talent training， and job creation must be giving priority in Africas industrialization； 2） financing services should be tilted toward African small and mid-sized enterprises； and 3） emphasis should be placed on infrastructure projects sustainability.

KEYWORDS： Sino-African community of shared future， Look East， political consensus， Belt and Road Initiative

Reflections on China-U.S. Competition and Cooperation in Africa

WANG Lei

ABSTRACT： China and the United States are the most consequential external “stakeholders” in Africa. In the economic and trade field， Chinas expansion is rapid， and American economic and trade cooperation with Africa has retreated， creating the impression that “whereas China is catching up， the United States is entrenching.” In the political field， Beijing and Washington have their own unique political goals： whereas adherence to the “One China” position on the part of African states is the precondition of Chinas engagement with the continent， democracy enlargement in Africa is perhaps constitutes the most vital U.S. interest. In the security field， after the 9/11 terror attacks， the United States valued Africas counter-terrorism role and deployed military resources to Africa. China has enhanced multilateral intervention in Africa through peacekeeping and bilateral security cooperation. Even as China and the United States scramble for Africas resources and compete in ideological and geopolitical terms， the two great power also share common interests in expanding the markets and promoting peace and stability on the continent. To promote trilateral cooperation and avoid malicious competition between China and the Untied States， it is imperative for Beijing and Washington to build political consensus， respect each others core interests， accommodate their respective development paths and Africas own choices， and objectively perceive the China-U.S. balance of power and vital interests in Africa.

KEYWORDS： African development， China-U.S.-Africa trio， competition， cooperation

Changing Models of Strategic Behavior in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

FENG Shuai and ZHOU Yiqi

ABSTRACT： The breakthrough of deep learning algorithm has ushered in a new era of rapid development for artificial intelligence， and technological progress has facilitated the profound changes in the international strategic field. The function of in-depth learning is highly consistent with the inherent characteristics of the strategic field， which makes artificial intelligence technology obtain an effective way to fully intervene in strategic behavior. Relying on the continuous improvement of algorithms， the continuous improvement of computing power， and the continuous accumulation of data resources， artificial intelligence technology has been able to provide a more systematic strategic assessment and more accurate strategic decision-making for the government to ensure that the strategy implementation process is more efficient. The pattern of human strategic behavior will be changed gradually， and two new patterns of strategic behavior will appear successively in the strategic field， namely， "first-mover advantage" and "data-algorithmic competition." Finally， it precipitate the transition from human competition to competition between data and algorithm. In the process of strategic behavior pattern reconstruction， it will inevitably encounter new risks and challenges. International relations researchers need to explore all kinds of unknown situations that may appear in the process of pattern change， try to reduce the possible threats in the process of change， and promote human society to a more stable and prosperous new era.

KEYWORDS： Artificial Intelligence， deep learning， strategic behavior， data， algorithm

Digital Economy and the Global Economic Order： Divergence and Convergence Induced by Policy Competition and Market Scale

WANG Yuzhu

ABSTRACT： In the era of digital economy， the digital endowment， as one of the core competitive advantages for a nation， is reshaping the landscape of the world economy. On the one hand， the development of digital economy is highly dependent on a sound and continuously improved digital ecosystem in which government-sponsored development strategies usually play a dominant role in cultivating digital-oriented emerging industries. However， government-sponsored development strategies also lead to worldwide policy competitions and that will ultimately cause a new digital divide between developed and developing countries and even among emerging economies. On the other hand， digital economy will finally change the traditional paradigm for global labor division and brings about new divergence and convergence in the world economy. In particular， digital manufacturing， as a revolutionary force compared with the traditional mode of production， will further separate developing countries from the global production chain while a new kind of closer and integrated relations among developed countries are evolving. Furthermore， due to the effects of economies of scale and system integration， the development of digital economy also provides a new mechanism and engine in promoting regional cooperation and facilitate further integration.

KEYWORDS： digital economy， digital transformation， ecosystem， divergence， economies of scale

Technological Changes and Metamorphose of the Fog of War

LIU Shucai

ABSTRACT： With the application of semi-autonomous weapons and artificial intelligence in the military field， the intelligentization of war has become a crucial issue for academic research. Optimists believe that technology dispels the “fog” of war and that war has become a surgical strike； pessimists believe that technology has caused an ethical “fog” while increasing transparency. In order to resolve this binary opposition， this article starts from Clausewitzs discourse “fog of war” which includes four factors： fatigue， danger， uncertainty of information and chance etc.， and outlines the evolution of interaction between war and technology in the information era. The platform-centric warfare in the industrial era has problems such as insufficient information， poor communication， and uncoordinated cooperation. The network-centric warfare uses information technology and system integration concepts to promote cooperation between platforms， enhances information edge， and enriches people's understanding on the nature and status of information. However， this warfare failed to solve the problems caused by "danger" and "fatigue" and caused the problem of information overload. Intelligent technology partly solved the above-mentioned deficiencies， but it compressed the agents space， ignoring the “living reaction” nature of war， degrading the power of mentality， and re-defining the human-machine boundary. In the near future， man-machine integration will be a new “fog” that needs to be resolved in the war. It can be seen that artificial intelligence failed to dispel “fog”， but changed the form of “fog”. Therefore， only by accurately understanding the form of the "fog" of war， can it be possible to reduce its negative influence.

KEYWORDS： fog of war， artificial intelligence， platform-centric warfare， network-centric warfare， technological change

Probing into the Scientific and Technological Dimension of Rampant International Terrorism

WANG Zhen

ABSTRACT： With the aid of science and technology， a new wave of terrorist activities has been on the rise， posing great challenges to the international community. Science and technology can act as a double-edged sword with positive and negative effects on the modern society. While making our daily life more convenient， technological innovations may also be utilized as a destructive tool by terrorists. This paper explores four most commonly used technologies in terrorist activities， namely weapon technology， long-distance traffic and telecommunication technology， network and information technology， and new media technology. It analyzes the effects of scientific and technological development on the mortality rate， geographic scope， personnel structure， operating model， attacking preferences of international terrorist activities. Although science and technology should not be considered as the root cause of international terrorist activities， its widespread commercial application has brought about adverse consequences in many areas， with its impact on international terrorist activities becoming more apparent than ever before. In particular， the information technology revolution as represented by the Internet and mobile communications has played a catalytic role in the rapid expansion of transnational terrorism. Therefore， it has become a pressing issue to explore effective means of preventing the application of science and technology in transnational terrorist activities.

KEYWORDS： international terrorism， global counter-terror war， science and technology， information revolution

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Counter-terrorism Activities： Risks and Impact

FU Yu and CHEN Dingding

ABSTRACT： With technological development， AI has been applied in counter-terrorism activities. To be specific， AI helps to control the spread of terroristic information， promote the utilization of anti-terrorist information， improve the "forecast" of terrorist activities as well as promote the development of smart weapons. From a wider perspective， AI has triggered a revolution in traditional basic rules in the field of counter-terrorism. It has become a significant component of the national counter-terrorism strategy and invokes changes in resource integration， anti-terrorism activity organization and anti-terrorism cooperation. Furthermore， AI impacts the way people perceive counter-terrorism from the point of law， morality and psychology. Even though， the development and utilization of AI tools still face risks in terms of accuracy， fairness and ethics. In the future， AIs progress in computer vision and natural language processing will further promotes the development of smart weapons. AI is becoming the arena where anti-terrorism forces wrestle with terrorist groups.

KEYWORDS： Artificial Intelligence， deep learning， anti-terrorism， systemic effect， potential risk

The Cooperation of SWFs between China and the Middle East

YANG Li and YU Cheng

ABSTRACT： Sovereign Wealth Funds （SWFs）， as the stated-owned or public-sector institutional investors， are new market players in the international financial system. Their rise reveals that the developing countries are of greater importance to the international financial sector. China and the Middle East region are both global leaders for SWFs， giving sense to their further cooperation. From the perspective of international institutional innovations and changes， the cooperation among SWFs may have influences on a wide range of international regimes such as capital flow， regulatory coordination or monetary system， which in turn may cause the evolvement of international financial system and revolution of global financial governance. In recent years， China and the Middle East have achieved impressive progress in the international financial cooperation with their SWFs. By initiating landmark co-investments and formulating the International Forum of SWFs （IFSWF）， they have altered the international financial market and transformed the international financial regulation to some extent， and also contributed to the stability of international financial order or even international financial system. Therefore， both parties may further lead the developing countries to better their financial position in the incoming globalization through cooperation of SWFs. China should seize the opportunities and battle the challenges to further such cooperation by exploring the international market strategically and participating in the global financial governance effectively， while preventing the due geographical risks and protecting the national security of financial interests.

KEYWORDS： Sovereign Wealth Funds （SWFs）， international finance， cooperation， Belt and Road Initiative