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瓜州榆林窟崖体砾岩中水盐分布特征研究

2018-03-20杨善龙王彦武苏伯民郭青林裴强强

敦煌研究 2018年1期

杨善龙 王彦武 苏伯民 郭青林 裴强强

内容摘要:瓜州榆林窟位于瓜州县锁阳城镇境内,现存洞窟42个,保存壁画5000m2,彩塑200多身。榆林窟壁画存在酥碱、起甲、空鼓等病害,而这些病害的存在与崖体中水盐运移有一定的关系。为了查明榆林窟崖体中水、盐分布特征,特在榆林窟第6窟窟顶东侧崖体中开挖一口深10m的探井,调查了榆林窟崖体地层特性,以及崖体砂砾岩中水分含量和盐分含量。榆林窟洞窟所在崖体为中更新统酒泉组砾岩,其中含水率在0.55%—2.94%之间,平均含水率为1.79%;崖体砾岩中阴离子以 和Cl-为主,阳离子以Ca2+和Na+为主,易溶盐总含盐量平均为0.16%。通过对榆林窟崖体砾岩中水盐分布特征的分析,可以为榆林窟壁画保护提供盐害防治依据。

关键词:榆林窟;砾岩;水分;盐分分布

中图分类号:K854.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2018)01-0136-05

The Moisture and Salt Distribution Properties of the Cliff in the Yulin Grottoes at Guazhou

YANG Shanlong1,2,3 WANG Yanwu2,3 SU Bomin2,3 GUO Qinglin1,2,3 PEI Qiangqiang2,3

(1. College of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xian, Shaanxi 710069; 2. National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200; 3. Conservation Institute, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200)

Abstract:The Yulin Grottoes site is located in Guazhou Countyand contains 42 caves, 5000 m2 of wall paintings, and 200 painted statues. The wall paintings have suffered various types of deterioration, including efflorescence, flaking, detachment, and more, all of which are caused or affected in some way by salt movement insidethe cliff conglomerate onto which they are painted. In order to find out the moisture and salt distribution characteristics in the cliff, a ten-meter well was dug out of the top of the east side of cave number 6, the evidence from which was used to research the formation process and water and salt content in the cliff. The results are as follows: the rock structure is of the Pleistocene Jiuquan conglomerate group; the water content is between 0.55%~2.94% and the average water content is 1.79%; analysis of the soluble salt content is 0.16%, the main anions are and Cl-, and the main cations are Ca2+ and Na+. The evidence yielded from this analysis can provide practical data useful for preventing salt-related damages to the murals at Yulin.

Keywords:Yulin Grottoes; conglomerate; moisture; salt distribution

1 引 言

榆林窟又名万佛峡,是第一批公布的全国重点文物保护单位之一,位于甘肃省瓜州县锁阳镇境内,距离瓜州县城76km,洞窟开凿于榆林河东、西两岸的崖壁上。榆林窟始建于盛唐,后经中唐、晚唐、五代、宋、西夏、元和清代,现存洞窟总数42个,东崖一层11个,二层20个,西崖仅1层,共11个洞窟。其中现存约5000m2的壁画和200余身彩塑,和莫高窟同属于一个艺术体系,是敦煌石窟的重要组成部分,以其精美的壁画著称。

受自然因素的破坏,榆林窟壁画存在空鼓、酥碱等病害[1],这些病害严重影响到壁画的长久保存。榆林窟壁畫和莫高窟壁画具有相同的载体和制作工艺[2],通过对莫高窟壁画同样病害的大量研究,认为壁画存在的空鼓、酥碱病害与水盐运移有很大关系[3-9]。……

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