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说“僵落”

2018-03-20马智全

敦煌研究 2018年1期

内容摘要:居延汉简关于僵落的记载,证明《汉书·匈奴传》记载的“木柴僵落”并不是颜师古所注解树木枯死坠落之意。僵落是用薪材修治的一种汉塞形式。汉简记载的僵落,底部宽近三米,顶部宽近二米,高近三米,长度可达数千米,是连接烽燧之间的塞防建筑形式。僵落并不是史书记载的天田,与虎落、羊马墙也有所不同。僵落的修治与《墨子》记载的“薄”有相似之处,但僵落已经演变为连接烽燧的塞墙。今日居延边塞应该还有僵落的遗存。

关键词:汉塞;僵落;虎落;薄

中图分类号:K877.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2018)01-0125-06

Discussing“Jiangluo”

MA Zhiquan

(Gansu Bamboo and Wooden Slips Museum, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000)

Abstract:The Han dynasty wooden slips found in Juyan prove that the term jiangluo as recordedin The Book of Han does not mean the death and falling of trees, as commented by Yan Shigu, but was rather a kind of barrier built by logs in the Han dynasty. As a form of frontier barrier connecting lit beacons, the jiangluo recorded by these wooden slips is described as being about 3 meters wide at the bottom and 2 meters wide at the top with a height of approximately 3 meters; the total length varied greatly, sometimes reaching as long as several thousand meters.This form of barrier is significantly different from tiantian, huluo, and yangmaqiang (near barrier walls), but similar to the construction of “bo” recorded in Mo-Tse, and only gradually became frontier barrier walls connecting beacons. Sites of jiangluo construction can today be found in the Juyan region.

Keywords:Han dynasty frontier barrier; jiangluo; huluo; bo

《漢书·匈奴传》记载的汉塞修治方式中,有僵落这一独特形式。关于僵落的含义,颜师古的注解并不准确。20世纪以来河西汉塞简牍文书的发现,以及近年来对长城保护研究工作的重视,“僵落”一词又引起了学者关注。吴礽骧先生《河西汉塞调查与研究[1]、侯丕勋先生《“天田”义源及具体制度——简牍研究的初步想法》[2]、安忠义先生《汉简〈守御器簿〉》词汇释例五则[3]、黄永美先生《西汉长城若干问题研究》[4]等论作都有讨论。总体来看,目前的研究已经指出了以往史籍训解的错误,但是对于僵落的具体形制,仍没有准确的说明。上述研究者均将僵落与虎落看作同一形制的防御设施,也是值得商榷的问题。居延汉简中有数枚简牍记载了僵落的具体形制、修治方法以及所用人工的情况,使我们能够对僵落这一汉塞修筑方式作出清晰准确的说明。

一 僵落的文献诠释

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