方海雄++臧小龙++王高平++马庆芬

摘 要 天然橡胶加工过程产生的大量高浓度酸性废水、成分复杂，直接排放会严重影响生态环境，影响我国橡胶产业的健康发展。本文对天然橡胶加工废水处理及利用现状进行了研究，分类讨论了以生物法为主流方法，包括电解法、植被生物净化法、大孔吸附树脂法等的多种废水处理方法，阐述了各种处理方法的主要原理和优缺点，提出了多种方法综合利用提高废水处理效果的思路。同时，综述了国内外天然橡胶加工废水的资源化利用状况，探讨了促进天然橡胶加工产业节能减排、实现废水资源再利用的方法。

关键词 天然橡胶加工 ；废水处理 ；生物法 ；资源化利用

中图分类号 X783.3

Treatment and Utilization of Wastewater From Natural Rubber Processing

FANG Haixiong1） ZANG Xiaolong2，3） WANG Gaoping2） MA Qingfen2，3）

（1 Jinxing Rubber Processing Branch， Hainan Rubber Industry Group Co.， Ltd， Wanning， Hainan 571539；

2 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School， Hainan University， Haikou， Hainan 570228；

3 Opening Project Fund of Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization， Ministry of Agriculture / State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation & Physiology for Tropical Crops / Danzhou Investigation & Experiment Station of Tropical Crops， Ministry of Agriculture， Danzhou， Hainan 571737）

Abstract Natural rubber processing produces a lot of acidic wastewater with complex composition and high concentration. If the waste water is allowed to be discharged without any treatment， the ecological environment will be seriously affected， impeding the healthy development of China's rubber industry. In this paper， the status of the treatment and utilization of waste water form natural rubber processing was investigated. Various measures for waste water treatment were classified and discussed， including the biological technique which is the dominating measure， as well as electrolysis， the vegetation biological purification， macroporous adsorption resin and so on. Meanwhile， the advantages and disadvantages of above measures were analyzed， based on which the comprehensive utilization of several measures were proposed to improve the treatment efficiency. Furthermore， the development of the resource utilization of the waste water was reviewed， and the effective ways to promote energy-saving and emission reduction and realize the recycle of the waste water produced from natural rubber processing were discussed.

Key words Natural rubber processing ； wastewater treatment ； biological method ； resource utilization

天然橡膠加工过程中会产生大量酸性废水，主要含有氨态氮、蛋白质和悬浮固体等物质。橡胶废水直接排放会严重影响生态环境、制约中国天然橡胶产业的发展，若能对废水进行合适的处理，不但能减少环境污染，还可以变废为宝、创造一定的经济价值。天然橡胶加工按不同工艺可分为生产天然生胶和浓缩胶乳。天然生胶加工时用氨水作鲜乳保存，再用甲酸凝固胶乳，其排放的污水主要是可溶性有机物、氨态氮、蛋白质等，因此废水处理主要控制pH值、COD、SS、NH3-N等；浓缩胶乳的加工废水主要是胶清凝胶排放废水，因为污染物浓度比天然生胶高，所以处理起来相对复杂[1]。

20世纪40年代，马来西亚首次用天然橡胶废水进行胶园灌溉，后来产生了除氨塔对胶清去氨、双相厌氧消化系统、生物转盘[2]等方法对天然橡胶的废水进行处理，逐渐经过工艺优化产生了“密封厌氧发酵，沼气收集再利用氧化塘处理”的工艺路线[3]。……