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基于“识毒—用毒—防毒—解毒”实践的中药药物警戒思想

2017-06-19张冰林志健张晓朦

中国中药杂志 2017年10期

张冰+林志健+张晓朦

[摘要] 中药药物警戒思想以“毒”为核心,其萌生、发展与实践是围绕着中药“毒”展开的。中药“毒”有着丰富的含义,受药物、临床使用、患者体质三方面因素的调控。随着对“毒”认识的不断深入,医家辨证看待中药的“毒”,对中药“毒”的应用、防治都愈发完整。该课题组梳理大量古籍文献,提出了传统中医药“识毒-用毒-防毒-解毒”的警戒思想理论框架,全面地反映了中药安全用药的学术特征。

[关键词] 毒; 中药药物警戒; 安全用药

[Abstract] Toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the core of pharmacovigilance of Chinese medicine, whose initiation, development and practice revolves around the toxicity of TCM. Toxicity of TCM has rich meanings, and are influenced by three factors: drug composition, clinical use and patient constitution. With the increasingly deep understanding of toxicity of TCM, the cognition of clinicians is more objective, and the application, prevention and rescue are more complete. Therefore, based on the analysis of large numbers of ancient books, we put forward the whole pharmacovigilance theoretical frame that is formed by cognition, application, prevention and rescue of drug toxicity, which comprehensively reflects the academic Characteristics of safety medication in TCM.

[Key words] toxicity; pharmacovigilance; safety medication

基于課题组前期对中药药物警戒思想的挖掘与梳理,不难发现,我国传统药物警戒思想的萌生、发展与实践一直是围绕着中药“毒”展开的。早在《淮南子·修务训》中就记载了神农“一日而遇七十毒”[1],此后对“毒”的认识与记载从未停滞。伴随着古人对“毒”的认知,“毒”成为中药药性理论与用药安全的核心,也开启了“识毒-用毒-防毒-解毒”的中药药物警戒实践全过程。本文将从识毒、用毒、防毒、解毒4方面诠释传统药物警戒思想,以期为现代临床安全用药提供参考。

1 中药识毒的警戒实践

中药识毒的警戒实践起源于远古时代,是用毒、防毒、解毒警戒实践的基础,累积了丰富的记载。

1.1 “毒”的认识

广义的“毒”在传统中医药典籍记载中主要可归纳为4方面含义[2]:一是药物的总称,如《淮南子·修务训》“一日而遇七十毒”[1]、《周礼·天官》“聚毒药以供医事”[3]、《黄帝内经》“必齐毒药攻其中”[4]等的“毒”均代指“药”,展现出药与毒的密切联系;二是药物的偏性,如《景岳全书》“药以治病,因毒为能”[5],此处的“毒”便是强调中药具有各自的偏性;……

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