张文忠 芦明 王慧慧

摘要[目的]研究双交种的基本特性及双亲之间的规律。[方法]将单交种潞玉13和先玉335组配成双交种，研究全生育期双交种的生物学特性特征。[结果]双交种苗期长势基本整齐，叶片颜色与单交种父本存在一定相关性；成株期株型特征与单交种母本较接近，株高和穗位具有明显偏母本倾向，植株整齐度较差，雄穗分枝、花丝颜色、花药颜色等性状发生分离；果穗不均匀，穗行数、行粒数、轴色等性状分离明显；出籽率和千粒重介于2个单交种之间，产量较单交种有一定优势。[结论]该研究可为优良玉米双交种的选育提供科学依据。

关键词 双交种；杂种优势；性状分离

中图分类号 S33 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2017）27-0045-04

Abstract [Objective]To study the basic characteristics of double cross and the law between parents. [Method] The single cross Luyu 13 and Xianyu 335 groups with double crossing， the biological characteristics of double crosses were observed in the whole growth period. [Result]The results showed that the growth potential of the double seedling stage was basically neat， and the leaf color was related to the single backcross parent. The characteristics of plant height and ear position showed that the plant height and ear position were obviously skewed， and the plant uniformity was poor， and the traits such as branching， filament color and anther color were separated Fruit ear was not uniform， the number of ear rows， row grain number， axis color and other characteristics were distinct；The seed yield and TKW weight were between the two Single， and the yield was superior to that of Single.[Conclusion]The study can provide a scientific basis for the breeding of good maize double cross.

Key words Double pay；Heterosis；Character separation

双交种是用2个单交种杂交配制的杂交种，可表示为（A×B）×（C×D）。双交种具有遗传基础广泛、杂种优势强、产量相对稳定的优点；同时双交种的父母本均为单交种，在花期协调的前提下制种产量会明显提高，种子生产成本随之降低[1]。当然由于双交种涉及4个血缘不同的自交系，所得杂交种的整齐度存在不同程度的下降[2]。

我国玉米双交种的选育和推广时期是20世纪五六十年代，期间全国选育高产双交种50余个，代表性品种有李竞雄选育的农大3号、农大4号；杨允奎选育的川农7号、川农15号；陈启文选育的双跃3号、双跃4号；张庆吉选育的新双1号、新双2号。据统计，1965年全国推广双交种30余个，一般比品种间杂交种增产20%左右，比农家品种增产30%以上，真正体现了杂种优势在玉米生产上的应用价值[3]。……