王毅 董云 靳丰蔚 庞进平 徐一涌

摘要：在半干旱区研究了基施氮肥量对春油菜生长发育的影响。结果表明，基施氮肥后，春油菜物候期及生育期随着施氮量的增加均出现推迟的趋势。苗期至现蕾期，干物质累积量缓慢，施氮量影响不大。抽薹期期至成熟期，干物质累积量较快，低施氮量（90～210 kg/hm2）范围内油菜全株干物质重随施氮量增加而增大，而高施氮量（240～270 kg/hm2）下油菜全株干物质重量随一次性施氮量增加而减小。株高、分枝部位、分枝数均随基施氮量增加而增加。全株有效结角数、角粒数、角果长度、千粒重、单株产量随施氮量增加均呈先增后减趋势。基施氮量210 kg/hm2时各经济性状指标表现最好，产量最高，达2 013.43 kg/hm2。

关键词：春油菜；基施氮量；生长发育；影响；旱作区

中图分类号：S565.4 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-1463（2017）07-0060-05

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1463.2017.07.015

Abstract：Through studying on single basal application of nitrogen in spring-planted rapeseed in dry area， the results show that with the increase of single basal nitrogen fertilizer， squaring and bolting and fist flowering， full flowering， end flowering and maturity are delayed， the whole growth period delays 3～5 days. The dry matter accumulation of different treatments is different in growth stages. From seedling to the bolting stage，with the increase of single base nitrogen， dry matter accumulation increases. The dry matter accumulation increase with the increasing of single nitrogen application in the range of low nitrogen（90～210 kg/hm2）. While in the range of high nitrogen application（240～270 kg/hm2）， the dry matter accumulation of whole plant decreases with the increasing of nitrogen application. The plant height， the number of branches and branches site increase with the increasing of nitrogen application. Whole plant effective pod number， grain number， pod length， 1 000 seeds weight， yield per plant with single nitrogen increasing firstly increase and then decrease， application of N210 nitrogen showes the highest in the economic characters. The grain yield of rapeseed increases firstly and then decreases with the increasing of single nitrogen application. The economic characters showed the best performance when the basal nitrogen amount is 210 kg/hm2， and the yield is the highest， reaching 2 013.43 kg/hm2.

Key words： Spring-planted rapeseed；Single basal nitrogen application；Growth period；Effect；Dry area

油菜是我国重要的油料作物之一，同时也是发展能源农业的优良作物，以及大宗饲用蛋白的潜在来源，对发展国民经济有非常重要的意义[1 - 3 ]。实现油菜产量和品质的共同提升是油菜生产实践中的重要目的，而氮素在油菜的生长过程中起着至关重要的作用，构成油菜产量的单株有效角果数、每角籽粒数、千粒重等要素与氮肥施用量有着密切的关系。研究表明，株高、分枝部位和单株角果數总体上表现为随施氮量增加而升高，籽粒产量则随施氮量加大呈先增加而后下降的趋势[4 - 5 ]，合理施用氮肥可以促进油菜的生长、增加干物质积累量和提高油菜籽产量[6 - 7 ]。张辉……