陈爱峰

内容摘要：考释了柏孜克里克石窟第17窟券顶的壁画，确定其中6幅壁画出自《佛说大乘庄严宝王经》，推测其余壁画大多出自该经。结合两侧壁壁画分析，认识到该窟是一个以观音为主尊、内涵丰富的洞窟。佛说大乘庄严宝王经变的考证，揭示了北宋时期中原与西域的文化交流，同时纠正了以往学界对第17窟年代的推定，即并非唐西州时期。结合窟内供养人族属的认定，我们初步将该窟壁画的绘制年代界定在北宋初（10世纪末）至回鹘归顺蒙古之前（13世纪初）。

关键词：高昌回鹘；柏孜克里克石窟第17窟；佛说大乘庄严宝王经变；观音

中图分类号：B942.1；K879.29 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2016）06-0082-11

Abstract： This paper examines the wall paintings on the arched ceiling of cave 17 at the Bezeklik Grottoes， identifies that six of them derive from the Avalokitesvara-guna-karanda-vyuha Sutra， and proposes that most of the remaining works also likely from the same sutra. By associating these artworks with additional wall paintings on two side walls， this cave seems to be rich with contents focusing on Avalokitesvara as a central image. Discovery of the Avalokitesvara-guna-karanda-vyuha Sutra reveals cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and Western Regions areas during the Northern Song dynasty and also corrects the previously accepted assumption that the text does not date back to the Xizhou period of the Tang dynasty. By identifying the clan to which the donor figures in the caves belong， the author preliminarily dates the wall paintings to the Northern Song dynasty（late 10th century）， prior to the Uighur surrender to the Mongolians（early 13th century）.

Keywords： Gaochang Uighur； Cave 17 at the Bezeklik Grottoes； Avalokitesvara-guna-karanda-vyuha Sutra； Avalokitesvara（Translated by WANG Pingxian）

柏孜克里克石窟位于吐魯番市胜金乡木日吐克村东南、火焰山木头沟西岸约1公里范围的崖壁上，西距吐鲁番市37公里。该石窟始凿于麴氏高昌国（502—640）时期[1]，遗址中曾出土高昌建昌五年（559）的《妙法莲花经·观世音菩萨普门品》残卷[2]。唐西州时期，它发展成为伊、西、庭地区著名的窟寺，时称“宁戎寺”或“宁戎窟寺”。敦煌文书方志类残籍《西州图经》（P.2009）中记述：“宁戎窟寺一所，右在前庭县界，山北二十二里，宁戎谷中……”高昌回鹘时期，柏孜克里克石窟成为王家寺院，香火繁盛，历代回鹘王及贵族大都在此修建洞窟，同时重绘了大量的原窟寺壁画。回鹘人在全面继承高昌原有佛教艺术的基础上发展，创造了窟群壁画艺术中的精华杰作。13世纪末，高昌回鹘王室东迁甘肃永昌，柏孜克里克石窟衰落为民间寺院；