敦煌唐五代旷野鬼夜叉图像小议
2017-04-17王芳



内容摘要:敦煌地区的莫高窟和榆林窟盛唐至五代洞窟壁画,以及藏经洞出土绢画、版画、纸本画中,出现一些携抱童子的男性图像。通过比较犍陀罗、龟兹相关图像,认为这种特异图像为旷野鬼夜叉。继而检阅有关佛教文献,得知原本啖食童子的旷野鬼夜叉,被释迦佛降伏后皈依佛教。敦煌地区的旷野鬼夜叉图像表明,在当地夜叉已转变成庇护童子的善神。敦煌旷野鬼夜叉图像是在西域龟兹、于阗等地佛教文化影响下产生的,在敦煌发展过程中又形成鲜明的地域特征。
关键词:敦煌;唐五代;旷野鬼夜叉图像
中图分类号:K879.21 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2016)06-0058-13
Abstract: In the period between the High Tang dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the image of a male Yak a carrying a boy appears a couple of times in the mural paintings in the Mogao and Yulin Grottoes, as well as in a silk painting, woodcut prints, and one paper painting from the Dunhuang Library Cave. Based on a comparative study of the relevant narrative images in Gandharan reliefs and Kucha mural paintings, this article identifies this very Yak a as avika. As narrated in Buddhist literature, avika was an evil child-eater before his conversion to Buddhism. The avika images in Dunhuang confirm, however, that avika became a benevolent Yak a who protected children. The avika images of Dunhuang took shape under strong influence from the Buddhist cultures of Kucha and Khotan, though later developments display increasingly strong local features.
Keywords: Dunhuang; Tang dynasty; Five Dynasties; avika image
一 旷野鬼夜叉图像遗存实例
敦煌地区盛唐、吐蕃及归义军统治时期(8—10世纪),莫高窟、榆林窟经变壁画的主尊像周围,通常配置高度程式化的鬼神部众,其中一些造型独特的携抱童子的男性夜叉图像,学界一直没有给予足够的重视。此外,藏经洞出土绢画、版画及纸本画中,各有1例造型相同的夜叉图像。以往图录解说往往将该夜叉图像当作鬼子母夜叉女的变体造型[1][2]。日本学者松本荣一在论述兜跋毗沙门天图时,则认为此夜叉携抱的童子是毗沙门天王的童子形化身,或是毗沙门天子之子赦儞娑[3]。笔者以为,该夜叉图像可能对应佛经中啖食童子的旷野鬼夜叉,且在敦煌地区被赋予守护幼儿的内涵,从而呈现鲜明地域特征。
基于学界刊布的相关资料,已知9例此类夜叉图像(附表1),一概为夜叉怀抱或托举童子的造型。……
