赵晓霞++王梦亮++高芬

摘要：細极链格孢菌（Alternaria tenuissima）是引起山西石楼赞皇枣黑腐病的主要病原菌之一，对该病原菌的主要生物学特性进行了研究。采用菌丝生长速率法、血球计数板观察法和凹玻片悬滴法，研究不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH和光照对该病原菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产量以及孢子萌发的影响。Alternaria tenuissima的菌丝适宜在PDA、SCS和CZA培养基上生长，其中PDA是最佳的产孢培养基。以CZA为基础培养基时，葡萄糖和甘油为菌丝生长的最佳碳源，而无碳培养基上产孢量最大；硝酸钠为氮源时最利于菌丝生长和产孢。菌丝在24～32 ℃生长速度最快，24～28 ℃时产孢量最大；在pH 6～10范围内菌丝均能良好生长，pH 10时产孢量最大；光照对菌丝生长速率影响不明显，黑暗条件下产孢量最大。分生孢子在24 h时即可达到基本萌发，黑暗条件下28 ℃时，pH 6～7为最佳萌发条件。Alternaria tenuissima对营养利用和环境条件的适应能力较强，给赞皇枣黑腐病的防治造成了困难。

关键词：赞皇枣；黑腐病；细极链格孢菌（Alternaria tenuissima）；生物学特性

中图分类号：S436.65 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0439-8114（2017）03-0471-05

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2017.03.018

Biological Characteristics of Alternaria Tenuissima， a Pathogenic Bacteria of Black Rot on Zanhuang Jujube

ZHAO Xiao-xia， WANG Meng-Liang， GAO Fen

（Institute of Applied Chemistry， Shanxi University， Taiyuan 030006， China）

Abstract： In order to study the main biological characteristics of the major pathogenic bacteria of black rot on Zanhuang jujube（Alternaria tenuissima），the effects of the medium， the sources of nitrogen and carbon，temperature，pH and illumination under different conditions on the mycelia growth，conidial production and conidial germination of Alternaria tenuissima were studied by the mycelium growth rate，blood cell counting chamber observation and concave slide pendent drop methods. The results showed that，A. tenuissima grew well in PDA，SCS and CZA，in which PDA was the optimal medium for conidial production. When CZA was used as the basic medium，glucose and glycerin were the optimum carbon sources for mycelia growth，and the carbonless medium was the maximum producer of conidia. The sodium nitrate was the beneficial nitrogen sources for mycelia growth and conidial production. The mycelia grew at the fastest rate at 24～32 ℃ and the conidial production was the highest at 24～28 ℃. The mycelia could grow well at pH 6～10 and the conidial production was the highest at pH 10. Illumination had no significant effect on the mycelia growth rate，while darkness was proved the most favorable condition for the conidia production. Normally the conidia could germinate in 24 h，and the optimum conditions for the conidial germination of A. tenuissima were 24 h，darkness，28 ℃ and pH 6～7. A. tenuissima had strong adaptive capacity to the utilization of nutrition and environmental conditions，therefore made difficulties to the prevention and control of black rot on Zanhuang jujube.

Key words： Zanhuang jujube； black rot； Alternaria tenuissima； biological characteristics

赞皇枣（Zanhuang jujube）原产河北省赞皇县，是中国700多个枣品种中惟一的自然三倍体，素以整齐个大、皮薄肉厚盛誉天下[1]。赞皇枣在全国各地均有引种栽培，目前已是山西省的主栽优良品种之一。近年随着栽培面积的迅速发展，黑腐病的发生愈来愈重，在中国北方地区，流行年份病果率可达50%以上，重者甚至绝收[2，3]。2011-2013年，山西省石楼县赞皇枣种植区的病果率达50%～60%，致使产量和品质急剧下降，成为生产上亟待解决的难题。……