摘要：盱衡世局，在现代工商与资讯社会，由于社会事务之日繁，政府之行政权呈日益扩张之势。故为防范政府滥权而沦为专制计，完善民意表达机制愈显重要。揆之史实，在我国传统社会，论及民意表达机制，首推谏议制度。证诸史籍，“尧有欲谏之鼓，舜有诽谤之木，汤有司过之士，武王有戒慎之鞀”。此先王之谏议遗制也。其肇基于初民社会之氏族民主制，亦为后世谏议制度之权舆。“要坚持古为今用、洋为中用，融通各种资源，不断推进知识创新、理论创新、方法创新”。职是之故，回归传统，透过管窥尧、舜、汤、武之谏议遗制，察其得失，以兹借镜。继而返本开新，开启现代思维，探讨民意表达机制完善之策，俾民众之监督权得以切实保障，藉以助益国家治理体系与治理能力之现代化。

关键词：谏议制度；“欲谏之鼓”；“诽谤之木”；“司过之士”；“戒慎之鞀”

中图分类号：K207文献标识码：A文章编号：2095-4379-（2017）05-0001-08

作者简介：佘文博（1993-），男，山东济南人，中山大学法学院，硕士研究生。

A Discourse on the Expression of Modern Public Opinion：from the Perspectives of Ancient Remonstration Systems Adopted by the Emperors Yao，Shun，Tang and Wu

SHE Wen-bo

Sun Yat-sen University School of Law，Guangdong， Guangzhou， 510275

Abstract： We live in a world of information，where commercial and social affairs take place at an ever increasing pace.This naturally leads to an expansion of government power.Against this backdrop，it is very important to develop an effective system for the expression of public opinion to prevent autocracy caused by the abuse of power.In ancient China，the publics right to expression was guaranteed by what was known as the 'remonstration' system.Historical records state that “Emperor Yao set up a ‘drum of remonstration so that people who wanted to remonstrate could beat the drum.Emperor Shun built a ‘wooden board of criticism for people to write down their opinions，Emperor Tang had ‘remonstration officers，and Emperor Wu allowed officers to rotate a ‘rattle-drum of caution when they thought he was wrong.” These methods，originally used to realize democracy among clans，gradually evolved into the systems of remonstration adopted by ancient rulers.According to the governmental guidance of “constantly making innovations in knowledge，theories and methods by removing barriers set up by time and national borders”，it is important for us to discuss and improve the systems in place today for the expression of public opinion.These must be based on both modern ideas and the ancient remonstration systems，for the purpose of practically guaranteeing the publics right to supervise，and furthermore，contributing to the establishment of an effective modern state governance system.

Key words： Remonstration system；“Drum of remonstration”；“Wooden board of criticism”；“Remonstration officer”；“Rattle-drum of caution”

一、序论：问题之背景

公元2013年，中共十八届三中全会召开，揭橥全面深化改革的总目标，即“完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”。①同时，全会要求，“加快推进社会主义民主政治制度化、规范化、程序化，建设社会主义法治国家，发展更加广泛、更加充分、更加健全的人民民主”。②盱衡世局，在现代工商与资讯社会中，由于社会事务之日繁，政府之行政权呈日益扩张之势。故为防范政府滥权而沦为专制计，在一定程度上完善民意表达机制，以公开、直观地反饋政府施政效果愈显重要。……