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如何攻克语法填空之谓语动词填空

2017-02-16山东李秀萍

教学考试(高考英语) 2017年6期
关键词:被动语态单数时态

山东 李秀萍

如何攻克语法填空之谓语动词填空

山东 李秀萍

动词是所有词类中最活跃的一种词,使用频率高,词形多变。动词填空一直是语法填空的考查重点,一般考查3~4个,在短文改错中也通常考查2~4处动词形式,在书面表达中的使用更是必不可少。那么如何正确分析语境并使用动词呢?下面笔者就自己多年指导学生备考的经验谈一谈攻克这一难关的解题步骤及方法。

第一步:首先要判断考查的是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。紧跟主语的未必就是谓语,远离主语的未必就是非谓语。考生一定要耐心读完整句话,而不是断章取义,还未读完就想当然地做出判断。

【例1】(2017 ·全国卷Ⅱ,68)Later, engineers ____(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube.

解析:managed。考查谓语动词时态。在主句中除了manage外没有其他谓语,因此manage是主句中的谓语动词,根据Later与定语从句的谓语became的时态可知也用一般过去时。

【例2】(2012 ·湖南卷,31改编)The lecture, ____(start) at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.

解析:starting。考查非谓语动词。通读全句,谓语是was followed,因此考查的是非谓语动词,The lecture与start是逻辑上的主动关系,因此用现在分词形式。若考生未通读全句,很可能以为跟在主语后就是谓语而误填started。

【例3】(2012 ·安徽卷,33改编)Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, ______(keep) some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.

解析:keeps。考查谓语动词。主语Walmart后是which引导的非限制性定语从句,因此考查的是谓语动词,由时间状语24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays和is可知用一般现在时。若考生未通读全句,就会想当然地以为逗号后考查非谓语而误填keeping。

第二步:判断出是谓语动词后,还要判断其时态、语态和主谓一致。一个谓语动词往往至少考查其中两种,因此考生要在综合分析的基础上,做出正确判断。

一、判断动词是主动语态还是被动语态

有些考生往往忽略了语态的判断,习惯都使用主动语态。如何判断动词是主动语态还是被动语态呢?

及物动词当谓语,其后往往无宾语或宾语不全,或带有“by...”时,常使用被动语态,或根据句意判断。

【例4】(2017 ·全国卷I,64)When fat and salt _____(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.

解析:are removed。remove当“移走、移除”之意时是及物动词,其后无宾语,因此用被动语态。

【 例 5】(2016 ·全 国 卷 I,62)So it was a great honor to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base,where ticket money helps pay for research. I ______(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre center.

解析:was allowed。此处考查allow sb. to do这个短语的用法,因宾语不全,因此用被动语态。

【例 6】(2015 ·湖南卷,32改编)I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but _______ (hold)back thankfully by the shop window.

解析:was held。hold back意思是“阻挡”,是相当于及物动词的短语,其后无宾语,句中又含有by 引导的表示被动的短语,故用被动语态。

二、判断动词的时态

判断动词的时态是一大难点,但遵循以下三条提示即可有效攻克这一难点。

(一)句中时间状语提示。时态即“由时间决定动词形式”。这是考查时态的最简单最直接的一种方式。

【例7】(2017 ·全国卷Ⅲ,69)But at the moment,school _______ (come) first.

解析:comes。 由时间状语at the moment判断,叙述目前的情况,此处应该用一般现在时。

【例8】(2017 ·北京卷,24改编)—_______ you______ (call) that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?

—Yes, they are happy with it.

解析:Did;call。由时间状语yesterday判断出,动作发生在过去,故此处应该用一般过去时。

(二)句中其他动词的时态提示。句中无具体的时间状语时就参照其他动词的时态,因为整句时态是具有一致性的。这是考查时态的较难的一种方式。

【例9】(2017 ·浙江卷,62)Pahlsson and her husband______ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.

解析:searched。but是并列连词,因此search与turned是并列谓语,应使用与turned一致的时态,故也用一般过去时。

【例10】(2017 ·全国卷Ⅱ,65)Steam engines ____(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.

解析:were used。and连接了两个并列句,第二句谓语使用了must have done的形式,表示对发生在过去的事件的推测,因此第一句也应该用一般过去时,且根据短语“use sth. to do...”或句意可知使用被动语态。

(三)上下文或语境的提示。动词填空是在一篇短文中考查的,语篇具有整体性原则,因此可以根据上下文或语境判断。这是考查时态的最难的一种方式。

【例 11】(2017 · 10 月浙江卷,65)“Daddy, I’m so glad to see you,” I ________ (whisper). “I’m in town for the writer’s class, but I just couldn’t miss your show.” I gave him a quick hug and went back into the seating area.

解析:whispered。下一句谓语gave使用了一般过去时,可知是叙述过去的事,由语篇的整体性原则推断此处也应该用一般过去时。

【例12】(2015 ·湖南卷,28改编)He must have sensed that I ______ (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that?”

解析:was looking。句意:他一定感觉到我在看他。他就突然瞥了我一眼然后轻声说:“你为什么那样盯着我看?”are...staring at是look at...的同义替换词,时态也应一致,同时通过sensed 等词设置的语境可知,此处应该用过去进行时。

(四)还应该注意在一些固定句型或特殊句式中对时态的考查,这要靠平日的积累。

【例13】(2016 ·北京卷,21改编)Jack ______ (work)in the lab when the power cut occurred.

解析:was working。考查“was/were doing ...when ...”句型,表示“正在做……这时……”。

【例14】(2016 ·全国卷Ⅱ,70)It could be anything—gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is, ______(make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.

解析:make。 画线部分是“状语从句 + 祈使句”的句型,whatever引导了一个让步状语从句,因此填动词原形。若判断不出这个句型,考生很容易填making,以为逗号后是个非谓语。笔者认为出题专家也很具有幽默精神。一般情况下,动词要用其某种变形,极少填动词原形,因此考生不大敢填也不相信填动词原形,而此题偏就填动词原形!

用某种固定时态的常用句型或句式:

1.It is / has been + 一段时间 + since + 过去的点时间 /一般过去时的句子 自从……以来多久了。

2.It is the first / second ... time that sb. have / has done...

是某人第几次做…… (现在的情况)

It was the first / second ... time that sb. had done...

是某人第几次做…… (过去的情况)

3.Hardly / Scarcely / Barely had sb done... when...

刚刚……就……

No sooner had sb. done... than ... 刚刚……就……

4.It is + 被强调部分 + that + 剩余部分

对现在的事实进行强调

It was + 被强调部分 + that + 剩余部分

对过去的事实进行强调

5.祈使句 + and / or + 一般将来时的句子

做…… 就会……/ 否则会……

6. was/were doing ... when...

正在做……这时……

7.It will be + 一段时间 + before + 一般现在时的句子

过多久就会……

It was be + 一段时间 + before + 一般过去时的句子

过了多久就会……了

8.表示地点的副词here,there置于句首,且主语是名词,使用完全倒装时,要用一般现在时。常用于此句型的动词有:be,go,come,exist,follow,remain,lie,stand等。

Eg:There comes the bus.

相当于: The bus is coming.

9.The more + 一般现在时的句子, the more + 一般将来时的句子 越…… 就越……

第一个the more引导的句子相当于一个条件状语从句,第二个the more引导的句子相当于一个主句。

Eg:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

相当于: If you work harder, you will make more progress.

三、主谓应一致

有些考生既判断出了正确的时态也判断出了正确的语态,但是忽略了主谓一致而导致前功尽弃。

【例15】(2017 ·江苏卷,24改编)The publication ofGreat Expectations, which _______ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.

解析:was。which引导非限制性定语从句,先行词部分是The publication ofGreat Expectations,意思为“《远大前程》的出版”,其中the publication是中心词,表示单数概念,再根据主句谓语strengthened用了一般过去时可知也用一般过去时,故用was。

【例16】(2017 ·天津卷,6)Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _______ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.

解析:is regarded。由Nowadays可知,此处应用一般现在时;cycling是主语,为第三人称单数,along with jogging and swimming是介词短语,不能充当主语;由短语regard...as...可知,regard与主语cycling之间是动宾关系,故用被动语态。

主谓一致的几个难点:

1.单个动词不定式、动名词或主语从句作主语时,谓语用单数。

【例17】(2016 ·全国卷Ⅱ,63)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is (be) often acceptable.

【例18】(2015 ·北京卷,35改编)How we understand things has (have) a lot to do with what we feel.

2.并列主语的主谓一致

1)两个单数名词或不可数名词用and连接,表示不同概念时,谓语用复数。

【例19】(2017 ·全国卷I,64)When fat and salt are removed (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.

2)两个单数名词用and连接,表示同一人、同一物或不可分割的整体时,谓语用单数。

【例20】A knife and fork is ready on the table. 桌子上已有备好的一副刀叉。

【例21】The writer and artist is giving the lecture now.这位作家兼艺术家正在做报告。

3)被every,each,no 修饰的名词由and连接作主语时,谓语用单数。

【例22】Every girl and every boy has an English book.每个男孩和女孩都有一本英语书。

4)many a,more than one后加单数名词,谓语用单数,我们称其为“形单意复”,即“主谓形式均用单数表达复数含义”。

【例 23】More than one student has been to that park. 不止一个学生去过那个公园。

3.单数名词作主语,其后跟with,together with,along with,as well as,rather than,but(除了),except等介词短语时,谓语用单数,介词短语不能当主语。

【 例 24】 (2013 ·江 苏 卷,21改 编)Generally,students’ inner motivation with high expectation from others is (be) essential to their development.

4.数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致

1)分数和百分数修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于名词是可数还是不可数。

【例25】Only 20% water is left. 只剩下百分之二十的水了。

【例26】About one third of the books are new.大约三分之一的书是新的。

2)a number of 修饰名词当主语时,谓语用复数,the number of修饰名词当主语时,谓语用单数。

【例27】A number of problems are easy to solve.大量的问题是很容易解决的。

【例28】The number of problems is small.问题的数量很少。

小试牛刀:

1.(2017 ·江苏卷,27改编)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he ________ (follow).

2.(2015 ·陕西卷,22改编)Marty ____ (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.

3.(2014 ·湖南卷,23改编)Understanding your own needs and styles of communication _______ (be) as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.

4.(2016 · 全 国 卷 Ⅲ,69)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ________ (be) too violent for use at the table.

5.(2016 ·四川卷,61)The giant panda ____ (love) by people throughout the world.

参考答案:1.was being followed 2.has been working /is working 3.is 4.were 5.is loved

山东省潍坊地区高密市第三中学)

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