翻译擂台(第14期)
2017-02-07林巍
翻译擂台(第14期)
【原文】
[1] Why the title “president”? Why not “governor”, the more common title among the states? [2] The answer reveals a basic dilemma facing the Founders.[3] Americans were understandably wary of executive powers as exercised by the king of England. [4] In fact, the first government under theArticles of Confederationhad no executive branch as such. Yet it was generally agreed in Philadelphia that one was needed for more effective governance. [5] The title of“governor” was proposed at different times in Philadelphia but, as one historian notes, it “brought to mind the hated royal and proprietary governors of colonial times”. [6] The title “president” was more neutral, possibly less commanding,deriving as it does frompraesidere,essentially “to preside”. And that is how the presidents of the Constitutional Convention and the Continental and Confederation Congresses served; they presided.
【点评】
这段文字选自美国威斯康辛大学政治学教授查尔斯·O. 琼斯(Charles O. Jones)的《美国总统制》(The American Presidency)。他知识渊博,对美国政治制度有精辟的见解。
[1]中,president的英文释义为the of fi cial leader of a country that does not have a king or queen,即与传统的君主相区别,这里主要是对state而言,为head of state(国家元首),故为“总统”,而非有人所译的“主席”。许多参赛者将governor译成了“统治者”,显然过于笼统;“州长”是各州的首领,难与国家领袖相称(尽管美国各州的独立性很强)。该词的确切含义要根据语境辨析。美国原是英国的殖民地,而英国的国家元首是国王(并非总是“女王”),其附属国的国家元首称为“总督”,即英国国王的代表。故该句不妨译为:为什么将其(国家元首)称为“总统”(president),而非在各州更为通用的“总督”(governor)?
[2]中,Founders被译成“开国大臣”“制宪元勋”“创立者”“成立者”“奠基者”“创造者们”等,虽都不离谱,但不够确切。就一个国家而言,不妨用“缔造者”“开国者”。故此句可译为:这一问题揭示了开国者们所面临的重大难题。
[3]中,executive powers不是一般的“统治”,而是“行政权”。这种区别不可忽视,因在1688年英国“光荣革命”(Glorious Revolution)之前统治权与行政权是合为一体的,此后由于资产阶级革命推翻了詹姆斯二世的统治,次年英国议会通过了限制王权的《权利法案》,奠定了国王“统而不治”的宪政基础,行政权归议会,形成了君主立宪制政体。知其背景后,此句可译为:可以理解,美国民众担心会出现英国国王所行驶的那种行政权。
[4]中,从参赛译文看,许多人没有弄清“邦联”与“联邦”的区别。简单说,邦联(Confederation)是一个由若干独立国家组成的松散国家联盟,联邦(Federal)是一有机的政治实体,由若干成员单位(州、邦等)组成的统一国家。……
